1 00:00:04,190 --> 00:00:01,520 I checked the weather report here in 2 00:00:05,950 --> 00:00:04,200 Baltimore if there's snow tonight it's 3 00:00:08,330 --> 00:00:05,960 not going to happen till it's supposedly 4 00:00:10,970 --> 00:00:08,340 not gonna happen till after 11 o'clock 5 00:00:12,589 --> 00:00:10,980 so we finish at 9:30 you should have 6 00:01:35,859 --> 00:00:12,599 plenty of time to get home unless you 7 00:01:35,869 --> 00:02:18,610 oh my gosh that's great 8 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:22,390 all right Kelvin we're ready 9 00:02:33,369 --> 00:02:31,730 you've got the thumbs up okay good 10 00:02:35,830 --> 00:02:33,379 evening ladies and gentlemen and welcome 11 00:02:38,259 --> 00:02:35,840 to the Space Telescope public lecture 12 00:02:40,990 --> 00:02:38,269 series I'm your host dr. Frank summers 13 00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:41,000 of the office of public outreach and 14 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:46,700 when you came in there are lithographs 15 00:02:51,039 --> 00:02:48,530 on the table here our lithograph tonight 16 00:02:53,229 --> 00:02:51,049 is the Eagle Nebula m16 these are the 17 00:02:56,380 --> 00:02:53,239 pillars of creation in the Eagle Nebula 18 00:02:57,910 --> 00:02:56,390 scene in both visible light and infrared 19 00:03:00,610 --> 00:02:57,920 light and this will have special 20 00:03:06,099 --> 00:03:00,620 significance for our talk about infrared 21 00:03:08,710 --> 00:03:06,109 telescopes tonight our talk is it's not 22 00:03:11,920 --> 00:03:08,720 working all right so let's go here our 23 00:03:15,220 --> 00:03:11,930 talk is web in three acts the telescope 24 00:03:17,170 --> 00:03:15,230 the science the legacy we have three 25 00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:17,180 speakers to take care of those three 26 00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:20,510 parts and I'll introduce them later but 27 00:03:26,110 --> 00:03:23,060 we're gonna get a good look at the James 28 00:03:28,449 --> 00:03:26,120 Webb Space Telescope tonight next month 29 00:03:31,479 --> 00:03:28,459 we have the wildest weather in the 30 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:31,489 universe by Hannah wake furred and in 31 00:03:36,190 --> 00:03:33,290 that she's not talking about just in our 32 00:03:39,550 --> 00:03:36,200 solar system but also in other planetary 33 00:03:41,619 --> 00:03:39,560 systems the new planetary systems that 34 00:03:45,580 --> 00:03:41,629 we have found and the weather that we 35 00:03:47,890 --> 00:03:45,590 would do Sanh those planets on March we 36 00:03:49,900 --> 00:03:47,900 have Mia boville coming back again she's 37 00:03:52,059 --> 00:03:49,910 given some wonderful talks the last 38 00:03:54,670 --> 00:03:52,069 couple of years and she decided she was 39 00:03:56,500 --> 00:03:54,680 going to have some fun with her title so 40 00:03:59,530 --> 00:03:56,510 it's called mapping the United 41 00:04:02,920 --> 00:03:59,540 Federation of Planets an astronomers 42 00:04:05,530 --> 00:04:02,930 Guide to the galaxy so she will be using 43 00:04:08,860 --> 00:04:05,540 lots and lots of Star Trek references 44 00:04:11,170 --> 00:04:08,870 okay but she will also be putting them 45 00:04:13,420 --> 00:04:11,180 in context of our actual scientific 46 00:04:16,199 --> 00:04:13,430 knowledge of the galaxy so if you were 47 00:04:21,339 --> 00:04:16,209 on a combination of a fact and fiction 48 00:04:23,529 --> 00:04:21,349 come to us see in march in april susanna 49 00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:23,539 datastore is going to talk and she's did 50 00:04:26,830 --> 00:04:25,699 not give me an actual topic she just 51 00:04:28,209 --> 00:04:26,840 said i'll talk about something about 52 00:04:31,420 --> 00:04:28,219 cosmology because everybody loves 53 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:31,430 cosmology so in the next month or so I 54 00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:31,970 will 55 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:34,160 get an actual title out of her but you 56 00:04:37,810 --> 00:04:36,650 guys do love Kamal cosmology right yeah 57 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:37,820 so you're gonna come no matter what 58 00:04:45,010 --> 00:04:41,330 all right great if you would like to 59 00:04:46,870 --> 00:04:45,020 keep up with what's going on you can go 60 00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:46,880 to our website if you just sort of put 61 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:48,470 in your favorite search engine 62 00:04:52,570 --> 00:04:50,450 Hubble public talks you'll find this 63 00:04:54,670 --> 00:04:52,580 webpage and you can see we've got a list 64 00:04:58,480 --> 00:04:54,680 of the upcoming lectures we've got links 65 00:05:01,720 --> 00:04:58,490 to the webcasting which are live when we 66 00:05:04,870 --> 00:05:01,730 are doing it live now as well as links 67 00:05:07,390 --> 00:05:04,880 to the past lectures we've been on 68 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:07,400 YouTube since spring of 2014 and we have 69 00:05:14,620 --> 00:05:10,810 been on the stsci webcasting site since 70 00:05:17,410 --> 00:05:14,630 2005 so we're approaching 13 years of 71 00:05:19,690 --> 00:05:17,420 astronomy lectures on our webcasting 72 00:05:21,220 --> 00:05:19,700 site that's one of the reasons I ask you 73 00:05:22,930 --> 00:05:21,230 all to get a hand to our webcasting 74 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:22,940 folks at the beginning because they do 75 00:05:28,660 --> 00:05:25,250 such an amazing job in archiving these 76 00:05:31,870 --> 00:05:28,670 wonderful talks you can also sign up for 77 00:05:36,550 --> 00:05:31,880 our email list that will send you 78 00:05:38,380 --> 00:05:36,560 reminders of the talks every month this 79 00:05:41,260 --> 00:05:38,390 is the email one which is sort of 80 00:05:45,010 --> 00:05:41,270 redundant now that we have the sign up 81 00:05:46,540 --> 00:05:45,020 on our webpage you can also however send 82 00:05:52,090 --> 00:05:46,550 us comments and questions to public 83 00:05:55,030 --> 00:05:52,100 lecture at STScI dot edu social media we 84 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:55,040 have Facebook we have not one but two 85 00:05:59,710 --> 00:05:56,930 Twitter accounts we have YouTube we have 86 00:06:02,500 --> 00:05:59,720 Instagram we actually ought to get the J 87 00:06:05,260 --> 00:06:02,510 toasty ones up on here now that we're 88 00:06:06,430 --> 00:06:05,270 getting closer to Jos T launch so yeah 89 00:06:08,590 --> 00:06:06,440 all right 90 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:08,600 my apologies it'll be fixed for next 91 00:06:14,500 --> 00:06:12,770 month okay using space telescope around 92 00:06:16,750 --> 00:06:14,510 all right here right now I also 93 00:06:18,909 --> 00:06:16,760 occasionally have post on a blog in 94 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:18,919 Facebook Google+ and Twitter and you can 95 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:22,130 get those if you like these across the 96 00:06:26,200 --> 00:06:23,930 street we have the Maryland Space Grant 97 00:06:27,730 --> 00:06:26,210 consortium Observatory 98 00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:27,740 the Maryland Space Grant Observatory 99 00:06:32,230 --> 00:06:30,110 will not be open tonight if you looked 100 00:06:35,950 --> 00:06:32,240 up you didn't see many stars if any on 101 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:35,960 your way in it's cloudy actually the 102 00:06:39,340 --> 00:06:37,490 fact that it's cold is really good 103 00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:39,350 because when it's cold the air is still 104 00:06:42,730 --> 00:06:41,270 and be a really good night okay some of 105 00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:42,740 the best nights observing or when you're 106 00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:45,350 totally freezing your butt off okay 107 00:06:50,890 --> 00:06:47,750 unfortunately clouds are never help 108 00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:50,900 whether it's cold or warm so they will 109 00:06:54,940 --> 00:06:52,880 not they do have open houses on Friday 110 00:06:58,780 --> 00:06:54,950 evenings if you go to MDI space grant o 111 00:07:00,520 --> 00:06:58,790 RG they have this page here where you 112 00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:00,530 can find the observatory status they 113 00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:02,780 will post it by like 6:00 or 6:30 on 114 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:04,820 every Friday as to whether they're 115 00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:07,730 opening up on those Fridays ok so come 116 00:07:11,560 --> 00:07:10,040 back to and visit us in future lecture 117 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:11,570 series and maybe we'll be open but 118 00:07:17,620 --> 00:07:13,490 certainly you can try every Friday on 119 00:07:22,900 --> 00:07:17,630 that and now the news from the universe 120 00:07:24,850 --> 00:07:22,910 for January 2018 our first story is a 121 00:07:29,950 --> 00:07:24,860 month old 122 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:29,960 it is our Yuletide stars so every year 123 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:31,250 we have to put out something for 124 00:07:35,170 --> 00:07:33,530 holidays right and they go through a 125 00:07:37,030 --> 00:07:35,180 selection process and they come up with 126 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:37,040 something and this year they came up 127 00:07:43,510 --> 00:07:41,210 with the globular cluster Messier 79 and 128 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:43,520 this was brought up in our news meeting 129 00:07:50,290 --> 00:07:45,530 and they said ok what can we do with 130 00:07:51,670 --> 00:07:50,300 this to make this holiday and we were 131 00:07:53,500 --> 00:07:51,680 batting around ideas and I came up with 132 00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:53,510 something I said well you know we could 133 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:55,970 do this thing that we did and I'm not 134 00:08:00,370 --> 00:07:57,170 going to tell you the idea because it'll 135 00:08:03,070 --> 00:08:00,380 show up in just a second and I said you 136 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:03,080 know that might be work and they held me 137 00:08:06,940 --> 00:08:05,330 to it so I can't with this idea in the 138 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:06,950 middle of a meeting just off the top of 139 00:08:13,660 --> 00:08:09,770 my head and they made me follow through 140 00:08:15,910 --> 00:08:13,670 it so the team and I got together and we 141 00:08:18,340 --> 00:08:15,920 put together a little visualization of 142 00:08:28,630 --> 00:08:18,350 this globular star cluster with a 143 00:08:30,580 --> 00:08:28,640 surprise holiday theme at the end so 144 00:08:32,469 --> 00:08:30,590 this is one of our normal zooms in on 145 00:08:36,969 --> 00:08:32,479 the night sky to show you where Messier 146 00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:36,979 79 is and it really is deeply hidden 147 00:08:41,469 --> 00:08:38,750 there we start to see the cluster this 148 00:08:43,209 --> 00:08:41,479 is a ground-based version of it but as 149 00:08:45,550 --> 00:08:43,219 we zoom in you find out that Hubble 150 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:45,560 doesn't see that wide field version it 151 00:08:51,250 --> 00:08:47,570 doesn't even see this version it sees 152 00:08:54,010 --> 00:08:51,260 the very central region of this globular 153 00:08:57,730 --> 00:08:54,020 star cluster and to give you a feel of a 154 00:08:59,060 --> 00:08:57,740 3d we created this 3d visualization it 155 00:09:01,580 --> 00:08:59,070 has the same similar 156 00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:01,590 statistical properties as this m79 157 00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:04,800 globular star cluster and then as we 158 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:12,420 pull out our idea of a stellar snow 159 00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:22,290 globe is revealed so this will teach me 160 00:09:29,690 --> 00:09:25,680 to speak up during meetings we also 161 00:09:32,510 --> 00:09:29,700 created this version which is just the 162 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:32,520 snow globe spinning and it actually is 163 00:09:35,660 --> 00:09:34,410 on a loop so you could play this put 164 00:09:37,460 --> 00:09:35,670 this in the background of your holiday 165 00:09:40,460 --> 00:09:37,470 party next year and you could have that 166 00:09:47,410 --> 00:09:40,470 snow globe spinning infinitely with the 167 00:09:54,950 --> 00:09:51,170 our second story tonight finding defects 168 00:09:56,270 --> 00:09:54,960 in the star formation Factory yes there 169 00:10:00,260 --> 00:09:56,280 are people who have to find those 170 00:10:01,940 --> 00:10:00,270 defects all right so this is the star 171 00:10:05,150 --> 00:10:01,950 formation Factory I'm talking about it's 172 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:05,160 called the Orion Nebula and this is a 173 00:10:10,670 --> 00:10:07,890 star forming region and there are 174 00:10:13,730 --> 00:10:10,680 several thousand stars about four 175 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:13,740 thousand stars that have just formed and 176 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:15,810 when we say just swarmed on astronomical 177 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:17,730 timescales that's two million years ago 178 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:19,290 okay so they're stars in the Orion 179 00:10:25,450 --> 00:10:21,210 Nebula that are two million years old 180 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:25,460 but not all things that collapse are 181 00:10:30,220 --> 00:10:28,290 massive enough to form stars okay so if 182 00:10:32,390 --> 00:10:30,230 you're this is a star formation Factory 183 00:10:35,660 --> 00:10:32,400 sometimes you get some defects that are 184 00:10:37,910 --> 00:10:35,670 too small to form stars okay and it's 185 00:10:39,380 --> 00:10:37,920 important for us as astronomers to try 186 00:10:41,450 --> 00:10:39,390 and understand when you've got a 187 00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:41,460 collapsing nebula you've got a gas cloud 188 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:43,710 that's collapsing to form objects what 189 00:10:47,420 --> 00:10:45,330 percentage of that material goes into 190 00:10:48,860 --> 00:10:47,430 stars what percentage of the material 191 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:48,870 goes into planets we really want to know 192 00:10:52,220 --> 00:10:50,250 that too and we're searching that in 193 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:52,230 other ways but what percentage of it 194 00:10:56,390 --> 00:10:53,610 goes into something that's bigger than a 195 00:10:59,200 --> 00:10:56,400 planet but smaller than a star and 196 00:11:02,870 --> 00:10:59,210 that's what we call brown dwarfs okay 197 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:02,880 brown dwarfs are range from basically 15 198 00:11:08,090 --> 00:11:05,490 times Jupiter's mass to about 70 times 199 00:11:09,950 --> 00:11:08,100 Jupiter's mass okay something that's you 200 00:11:12,190 --> 00:11:09,960 know and that's when you get what we 201 00:11:14,410 --> 00:11:12,200 call deuterium fusion 202 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:14,420 now the main-sequence stars are powered 203 00:11:18,370 --> 00:11:16,010 by hydrogen fusion the fusion of 204 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:18,380 hydrogen into helium is what powers the 205 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:20,810 Sun and other main-sequence stars but 206 00:11:26,769 --> 00:11:23,290 deuterium which is called heavy hydrogen 207 00:11:29,860 --> 00:11:26,779 that is not as a long-term sustained 208 00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:29,870 fusion it will flare up it will last for 209 00:11:34,269 --> 00:11:31,910 a while and then it will fade away so 210 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:34,279 these brown dwarfs are extremely faint 211 00:11:40,629 --> 00:11:37,010 and compared to stars they're extremely 212 00:11:43,150 --> 00:11:40,639 cool they're so cool that water 213 00:11:46,660 --> 00:11:43,160 molecules will form in their atmosphere 214 00:11:49,540 --> 00:11:46,670 and you can actually detect them by 215 00:11:52,300 --> 00:11:49,550 looking for water molecules and where do 216 00:11:57,069 --> 00:11:52,310 the wallet molecules show up in the 217 00:11:59,550 --> 00:11:57,079 infrared so this is just a single filter 218 00:12:03,180 --> 00:11:59,560 from Hubble in the near-infrared and 219 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:03,190 those circles are around certain 220 00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:07,130 detections of these brown dwarfs now 221 00:12:15,069 --> 00:12:09,380 what they did is they look in the water 222 00:12:18,430 --> 00:12:15,079 vapor line to find 1,200 really red 223 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:18,440 candidates ok candidates that could have 224 00:12:23,079 --> 00:12:20,750 brown dwarfs and what they're really 225 00:12:26,199 --> 00:12:23,089 looking for was finding those faint red 226 00:12:28,780 --> 00:12:26,209 stars that had brown dwarf companions 227 00:12:33,579 --> 00:12:28,790 around them okay because you often get 228 00:12:36,610 --> 00:12:33,589 companions and they found 17 brown dwarf 229 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:36,620 companions around these red dwarf stars 230 00:12:42,490 --> 00:12:40,490 as well as three planetary-mass 231 00:12:45,639 --> 00:12:42,500 companions three that were below the 232 00:12:46,930 --> 00:12:45,649 level of the brown dwarf masts and into 233 00:12:48,790 --> 00:12:46,940 the planetary mass now those are only 234 00:12:51,939 --> 00:12:48,800 candidates okay they can't confirm those 235 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:51,949 in fact all 17 are candidates but in 236 00:12:56,500 --> 00:12:54,290 talking with one of the researchers he 237 00:12:59,199 --> 00:12:56,510 said there's like a 95% confidence level 238 00:13:00,699 --> 00:12:59,209 in all 17 of them that they are actual 239 00:13:02,710 --> 00:13:00,709 brown dwarfs it's the planetary ones 240 00:13:05,290 --> 00:13:02,720 that are really small that they can't be 241 00:13:06,550 --> 00:13:05,300 totally sure about so these are their 242 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:06,560 locations and if you want to see what 243 00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:09,170 they look like this is the highly 244 00:13:15,790 --> 00:13:13,360 processed images yeah really difficult 245 00:13:18,370 --> 00:13:15,800 my laser pointer isn't working sorry 246 00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:18,380 about that but what you see on the in 247 00:13:23,019 --> 00:13:20,240 each of those images on the left is the 248 00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:23,029 star and on the right is the small 249 00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:25,360 pixels of the brow 250 00:13:29,220 --> 00:13:27,370 or companion all right and so you can 251 00:13:31,560 --> 00:13:29,230 see the star itself is only about five 252 00:13:33,750 --> 00:13:31,570 or six pixels across and the brown dwarf 253 00:13:36,180 --> 00:13:33,760 companion is only one or two pixels 254 00:13:38,009 --> 00:13:36,190 across and the detector and those are 255 00:13:40,710 --> 00:13:38,019 still actually unresolved they're really 256 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:40,720 smaller than an individual pixel at that 257 00:13:47,430 --> 00:13:43,450 scale so you're really having to work 258 00:13:50,460 --> 00:13:47,440 deep into the data to be able to pull 259 00:13:52,740 --> 00:13:50,470 this out but hey that's what science is 260 00:13:54,540 --> 00:13:52,750 at the cutting edge we don't get 261 00:13:56,340 --> 00:13:54,550 gorgeous pictures we just get these 262 00:13:58,680 --> 00:13:56,350 little tiny little pixel things and 263 00:14:02,670 --> 00:13:58,690 being able to pull out these brown dwarf 264 00:14:05,519 --> 00:14:02,680 companions now needless to say this will 265 00:14:07,470 --> 00:14:05,529 change immeasurably when we have the 266 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:07,480 james webb space telescope that has 267 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:10,170 hubble resolution but in the infrared 268 00:14:14,519 --> 00:14:12,250 wavelengths and can see these much more 269 00:14:17,250 --> 00:14:14,529 clearly and i would tell you all about 270 00:14:19,019 --> 00:14:17,260 that but that's the job of our speakers 271 00:14:21,269 --> 00:14:19,029 here tonight so i'll leave it to them to 272 00:14:24,090 --> 00:14:21,279 discuss how the James Webb will take 273 00:14:26,759 --> 00:14:24,100 this and take it to the next level and 274 00:14:32,550 --> 00:14:26,769 really get good census of the brown 275 00:14:34,650 --> 00:14:32,560 dwarfs in the Orion Nebula alright so 276 00:14:39,269 --> 00:14:34,660 now I move on to our featured speakers 277 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:39,279 tonight they are Bonnie Meinke and Klaus 278 00:14:44,430 --> 00:14:42,190 pontoppidan from the J toasty mission 279 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:44,440 office as well as Alexander Lockwood 280 00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:47,290 from the Office of public outreach and I 281 00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:49,390 didn't memorize their titles so Bonnie 282 00:14:54,389 --> 00:14:51,130 gave me a title that they are just 283 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:54,399 absolutely amazing people doing amazing 284 00:14:58,199 --> 00:14:56,170 work here at the Space Telescope Science 285 00:15:00,600 --> 00:14:58,209 Institute so ladies and gentlemen an 286 00:15:01,940 --> 00:15:00,610 amazing team to discuss the James Webb 287 00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:01,950 Space Telescope gimme a hand 288 00:15:31,090 --> 00:15:25,240 is does his work yeah 289 00:15:35,740 --> 00:15:31,100 ah good all right so so my name is Klaus 290 00:15:37,090 --> 00:15:35,750 pontoppidan my official title is deputy 291 00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:37,100 project scientist for the James Webb 292 00:15:43,750 --> 00:15:38,570 Space Telescope here at the Institute 293 00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:43,760 bonnie has the same title and alex is C 294 00:15:49,630 --> 00:15:46,160 is the communications lead polygraph 295 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:49,640 outreach arm for database T so what we 296 00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:50,810 gonna do with this talk is we're gonna 297 00:15:56,140 --> 00:15:53,710 tag-team it and we gave it three titles 298 00:15:57,190 --> 00:15:56,150 the telescope designs in the legacy and 299 00:15:59,140 --> 00:15:57,200 I'm gonna do the telescope and then 300 00:16:01,300 --> 00:15:59,150 after that I'm gonna give it over to to 301 00:16:05,260 --> 00:16:01,310 Bonnie to talk about science and then 302 00:16:08,770 --> 00:16:05,270 Alex to to talk about the legacy alright 303 00:16:11,830 --> 00:16:08,780 so just to introduce this arm you may 304 00:16:13,270 --> 00:16:11,840 have seen these before I'm not sure what 305 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:13,280 do we do at the Institute here that's 306 00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:16,610 how how is it related to to the web well 307 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:19,310 I mean Institute hasn't existed for four 308 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:21,650 decades now supporting the operations of 309 00:16:27,910 --> 00:16:23,810 the Hubble Space Telescope as you as you 310 00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:27,920 all know very well we're operated by an 311 00:16:32,110 --> 00:16:30,650 organization called the association of 312 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:32,120 universities for research in astronomy 313 00:16:37,030 --> 00:16:34,850 or aura for short and we're basically a 314 00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:37,040 NASA contract and NASA contracts us to 315 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:40,070 to run the science part of of its 316 00:16:45,970 --> 00:16:44,090 astronomical space missions and as is 317 00:16:48,550 --> 00:16:45,980 true for Hubble has been true it's true 318 00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:48,560 for the wide field Infrared Survey 319 00:16:53,890 --> 00:16:50,480 telescope and it's true for the James 320 00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:53,900 Webb Space Telescope as well and so 321 00:17:00,190 --> 00:16:56,810 another way to look at it in terms of 322 00:17:04,030 --> 00:17:00,200 roles here is that you need to do many 323 00:17:06,670 --> 00:17:04,040 things to make an astronomy mission I do 324 00:17:08,290 --> 00:17:06,680 have to have our oversight of the 325 00:17:11,710 --> 00:17:08,300 mission and the policy and if somebody 326 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:11,720 has to drive it from the get-go so NASA 327 00:17:15,550 --> 00:17:13,490 is doing that and the James Webb Space 328 00:17:16,990 --> 00:17:15,560 Telescope is a partnership with European 329 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:17,000 Space Agency and the Canadian 330 00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:19,610 base agency and so they provide the the 331 00:17:23,530 --> 00:17:21,800 oversight in the policy of cooking new 332 00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:23,540 technology you know gonna have a Space 333 00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:25,120 Telescope unless you have some hardware 334 00:17:30,850 --> 00:17:28,640 and so so that is built in case of James 335 00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:30,860 Webb by Goddard Space Flight Center just 336 00:17:36,010 --> 00:17:34,370 just south of here as well as partners 337 00:17:38,590 --> 00:17:36,020 from the industry Northrop Grumman is 338 00:17:40,690 --> 00:17:38,600 the prime contractor for James Webb I 339 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:40,700 know also other partners like Ball 340 00:17:45,250 --> 00:17:42,890 Aerospace but then of course you need 341 00:17:47,140 --> 00:17:45,260 science right without without science 342 00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:47,150 you know all your habits is a piece of 343 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:51,830 machinery and so the Institute here is 344 00:17:56,220 --> 00:17:54,410 responsible for for operating the 345 00:17:59,230 --> 00:17:56,230 telescope for scientists 346 00:18:01,840 --> 00:17:59,240 we are the interface between the 347 00:18:04,420 --> 00:18:01,850 observatory and the international 348 00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:04,430 astronomical community and the same as 349 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:06,530 as for the Hubble Space Telescope so 350 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:07,970 anything that has to do with science is 351 00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:11,810 is centered at the at the Institute all 352 00:18:17,860 --> 00:18:16,310 right so the telescope well so we have 353 00:18:20,020 --> 00:18:17,870 the Hubble Space Telescope you all all 354 00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:20,030 know that very well and we we love that 355 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:23,360 very much you all familiar with the with 356 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:24,770 the beautiful data and the beautiful 357 00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:27,170 images that Hubble has returned so these 358 00:18:31,330 --> 00:18:28,730 are all these are all Hubble images 359 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:31,340 taken in the indivisible wavelengths 360 00:18:38,770 --> 00:18:34,850 range in the optical visible with with 361 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:38,780 our eyes and has been operating for many 362 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:41,210 years now you know this isn't this 363 00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:42,410 awesome you know what more do you need 364 00:18:47,110 --> 00:18:45,440 than this you know how do you do some 365 00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:47,120 how do you do the next big thing what 366 00:18:51,640 --> 00:18:50,510 what what is that going to be well so so 367 00:18:52,990 --> 00:18:51,650 so one of the some of the things that 368 00:18:54,670 --> 00:18:53,000 that Hubble has been doing and really 369 00:18:58,800 --> 00:18:54,680 showing us that these deep fields of 370 00:19:01,150 --> 00:18:58,810 galaxies high-redshift galaxies to 371 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:01,160 enormous distances in the universe and 372 00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:03,290 it looks back in time of course ah to 373 00:19:10,270 --> 00:19:04,940 the not quite the beginning of the 374 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:10,280 universe but but but but close and and 375 00:19:17,230 --> 00:19:13,010 and deep exposures with with Hubble has 376 00:19:19,780 --> 00:19:17,240 you know has has revealed faint galaxies 377 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:19,790 at at the edge of where of detection 378 00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:24,170 here this is related to the to the 379 00:19:30,190 --> 00:19:26,240 original concept of the James Webb Space 380 00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:30,200 Telescope as it was conceived already 381 00:19:38,650 --> 00:19:30,890 back in the mid 382 00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:38,660 90s it was realized that if you want to 383 00:19:43,510 --> 00:19:40,910 go really to the weight to the back to 384 00:19:45,280 --> 00:19:43,520 the beginning of the universe you have 385 00:19:45,910 --> 00:19:45,290 to take into account cosmological 386 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:45,920 redshift 387 00:19:51,460 --> 00:19:47,930 all right so essentially what happens is 388 00:19:53,020 --> 00:19:51,470 where the galaxy emits light and I said 389 00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:53,030 light travel through the universe to 390 00:19:57,910 --> 00:19:56,480 light stretches and becomes redder and 391 00:20:01,210 --> 00:19:57,920 by the time it reaches to us and can be 392 00:20:02,890 --> 00:20:01,220 quite red and if the galaxy is old 393 00:20:04,270 --> 00:20:02,900 enough if the light was emitted long 394 00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:04,280 enough to go that means if the galaxy is 395 00:20:09,310 --> 00:20:07,070 far enough away that that red shift that 396 00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:09,320 cosmological redshift is large enough to 397 00:20:13,570 --> 00:20:11,510 shift that light out of the wavelength 398 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:13,580 range if James Webb right it becomes to 399 00:20:19,090 --> 00:20:16,850 read it becomes infrared and basically 400 00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:19,100 the galaxy disappears from U of Hubble 401 00:20:22,870 --> 00:20:20,750 and you won't need no longer see it and 402 00:20:26,110 --> 00:20:22,880 in order to see that galaxy 403 00:20:27,930 --> 00:20:26,120 you'd need sensitive Space Telescope 404 00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:27,940 that operates at longer wavelengths than 405 00:20:33,640 --> 00:20:31,310 Hubble indi in the infrared and that was 406 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:33,650 the original impetus for James Webb it 407 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:35,930 was to be able to see the first galaxies 408 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:38,090 first light in the universe by going to 409 00:20:43,810 --> 00:20:40,010 the infrared to see the most red shifted 410 00:20:48,490 --> 00:20:46,740 of course today this is decades to go 411 00:20:49,780 --> 00:20:48,500 other people have looked at this 412 00:20:51,580 --> 00:20:49,790 telescope and you're like well you know 413 00:20:53,530 --> 00:20:51,590 you have this big infrared telescope and 414 00:20:56,470 --> 00:20:53,540 you could do this awesome science when 415 00:20:57,940 --> 00:20:56,480 this was first started there was no such 416 00:20:59,710 --> 00:20:57,950 thing as exoplanets and now we have 417 00:21:01,090 --> 00:20:59,720 thousands of exoplanets and so a lot of 418 00:21:03,250 --> 00:21:01,100 work has been going into the James Webb 419 00:21:05,410 --> 00:21:03,260 to make sure that it can can also get 420 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:05,420 great data in in the area of exoplanets 421 00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:07,010 and this goes on and on for many many 422 00:21:12,340 --> 00:21:10,100 different science areas all right so 423 00:21:14,110 --> 00:21:12,350 what let me say a few more things about 424 00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:14,120 the infrared here so here we have our 425 00:21:19,810 --> 00:21:16,340 just visible rainbow just to give you 426 00:21:22,330 --> 00:21:19,820 some context from from blue to red 427 00:21:25,030 --> 00:21:22,340 high-energy low-energy short wavelength 428 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:25,040 long wavelength of course this is only a 429 00:21:29,980 --> 00:21:26,930 very very small part of the of the 430 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:29,990 electromagnetic spectrum to the to the 431 00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:31,490 high-energy side you have ultraviolet 432 00:21:36,220 --> 00:21:34,240 radiation x-rays gamma rays these all 433 00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:36,230 wavelengths that are very unhealthy to 434 00:21:39,970 --> 00:21:38,090 humans so you don't want to expose 435 00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:39,980 yourself too much to those because they 436 00:21:44,450 --> 00:21:43,520 break chemical bonds and can give you 437 00:21:46,250 --> 00:21:44,460 all sorts of 438 00:21:47,750 --> 00:21:46,260 nasty effects going to the other way 439 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:47,760 it's low energy you get infrared 440 00:21:50,660 --> 00:21:49,410 microwave you can heat your food but 441 00:21:55,550 --> 00:21:50,670 it's not going to break your molecules 442 00:21:57,500 --> 00:21:55,560 apart so it's a lot safer point here is 443 00:22:00,170 --> 00:21:57,510 that the visible is only a tiny tiny 444 00:22:02,420 --> 00:22:00,180 fraction of the of the introspect of the 445 00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:02,430 electromagnetic spectrum and so James 446 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:04,500 Webb is going to give us a lot of the 447 00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:06,570 infrared or access to that so here's how 448 00:22:10,910 --> 00:22:08,100 here's an indication of that you have 449 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:10,920 the range of Hubble goes out a little 450 00:22:15,350 --> 00:22:12,810 bit into the near-infrared around to 451 00:22:17,990 --> 00:22:15,360 about 1.8 micron or something like that 452 00:22:19,910 --> 00:22:18,000 and then it stops data bisti is going to 453 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:19,920 be a little bit into the visible 454 00:22:25,550 --> 00:22:23,210 actually goes down to about yellow light 455 00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:25,560 and it's going to go way into the 456 00:22:28,790 --> 00:22:27,390 infrared beyond the near-infrared what 457 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:28,800 we call the mid infrared or the thermal 458 00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:31,050 infrared out to twenty-eight micron and 459 00:22:39,380 --> 00:22:37,290 a little bit so in terms of of grasp 460 00:22:41,210 --> 00:22:39,390 there's actually a wider grasp in terms 461 00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:41,220 of wavelength of data vis T than and for 462 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:42,510 Hubble so there's a lot of things in 463 00:22:48,350 --> 00:22:46,410 there all right so so people got back in 464 00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:48,360 the mid 90s got together and thought 465 00:22:53,210 --> 00:22:51,930 okay so how do we do this and there's a 466 00:22:54,590 --> 00:22:53,220 number of challenges with making an 467 00:22:56,450 --> 00:22:54,600 infrared Space Telescope and it's not 468 00:22:57,740 --> 00:22:56,460 gonna end up not gonna look like like 469 00:22:59,810 --> 00:22:57,750 hobble so this is an early sketch 470 00:23:03,950 --> 00:22:59,820 actually you know essentially on a piece 471 00:23:05,630 --> 00:23:03,960 of napkin considering what such a Space 472 00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:05,640 Telescope might look like well for one 473 00:23:10,820 --> 00:23:07,110 thing is you need you know there had to 474 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:10,830 be a large mirror in it and so you can 475 00:23:15,770 --> 00:23:13,650 see this here you can see a deployable 476 00:23:17,180 --> 00:23:15,780 mirror this here that doesn't even have 477 00:23:19,670 --> 00:23:17,190 a filled aperture that's actually gaps 478 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:19,680 in between and the idea here is that you 479 00:23:23,270 --> 00:23:20,850 have something that was folded up and 480 00:23:25,460 --> 00:23:23,280 falls out once you're in orbit so you 481 00:23:26,660 --> 00:23:25,470 can fit into a rocket so that's one 482 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:26,670 thing to note about another thing to 483 00:23:29,810 --> 00:23:27,930 know about is there's no baffle all 484 00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:29,820 right so so Hubble is enclosed into a 485 00:23:33,650 --> 00:23:31,980 tube in order to make this deployment 486 00:23:36,890 --> 00:23:33,660 here you couldn't have have a tube 487 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:36,900 around it so there's no baffle and the 488 00:23:41,390 --> 00:23:38,490 final thing to note is this big thing 489 00:23:43,580 --> 00:23:41,400 that it sits on and that's a that's a 490 00:23:45,140 --> 00:23:43,590 Sun shield and the reason you need a Sun 491 00:23:47,270 --> 00:23:45,150 shield they said to have an infertility 492 00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:47,280 up that is sensitive that can see faint 493 00:23:50,990 --> 00:23:49,350 things needed to be super cold 494 00:23:52,820 --> 00:23:51,000 I really really called Hubble it's kind 495 00:23:54,380 --> 00:23:52,830 of room temperature this has to be much 496 00:23:56,540 --> 00:23:54,390 much much colder and we'll go into that 497 00:23:58,070 --> 00:23:56,550 a little bit more detail so in order to 498 00:24:00,110 --> 00:23:58,080 keep this cold you 499 00:24:01,340 --> 00:24:00,120 have soul sunlight shining directly on 500 00:24:04,310 --> 00:24:01,350 it so you have to have this big 501 00:24:06,830 --> 00:24:04,320 insulating shield to protect it from the 502 00:24:08,419 --> 00:24:06,840 Sun it also means that that you know 503 00:24:10,940 --> 00:24:08,429 there are some limitations and where you 504 00:24:14,060 --> 00:24:10,950 can point because you can't turn this R 505 00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:14,070 to face the Sun I mean if if the if the 506 00:24:17,990 --> 00:24:15,690 telescope itself would ever see the Sun 507 00:24:21,710 --> 00:24:18,000 it would heat up and and ruin your your 508 00:24:23,389 --> 00:24:21,720 day alright so what we have now today is 509 00:24:26,029 --> 00:24:23,399 is something that looks more like that 510 00:24:27,649 --> 00:24:26,039 comes from the napkin ends up it subs 511 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:27,659 like this here and so you have to go far 512 00:24:33,019 --> 00:24:30,570 away from from the both the earth and 513 00:24:35,389 --> 00:24:33,029 the moon because the earth is is like a 514 00:24:37,279 --> 00:24:35,399 big heat lamp as well and so it goes a 515 00:24:40,190 --> 00:24:37,289 million miles away from the earth down 516 00:24:41,269 --> 00:24:40,200 to a point in space called l2 which is 517 00:24:42,649 --> 00:24:41,279 point of balance between the 518 00:24:46,279 --> 00:24:42,659 gravitational field of the Sun and the 519 00:24:49,009 --> 00:24:46,289 earth but I find it fascinating that 520 00:24:51,350 --> 00:24:49,019 from that all drawing and what it looks 521 00:24:53,210 --> 00:24:51,360 like today I mean you can kind of 522 00:24:54,769 --> 00:24:53,220 recognize it has the elements it has no 523 00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:54,779 baffle it has a deployable mirror and 524 00:25:03,259 --> 00:25:01,039 has a big Sun shield alright alright so 525 00:25:05,180 --> 00:25:03,269 let me talk a little bit more about so 526 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:05,190 the the general application of infrared 527 00:25:09,019 --> 00:25:06,570 as well and so Frank talked a little bit 528 00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:09,029 about that just just earlier like one 529 00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:10,950 thing is you can you can see very faint 530 00:25:13,509 --> 00:25:12,690 galaxies but you can do so much more 531 00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:13,519 than that 532 00:25:20,029 --> 00:25:16,710 so hey here's an example here you can 533 00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:20,039 look at at the formation of stars and 534 00:25:23,870 --> 00:25:21,600 planets for example here so here if you 535 00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:23,880 got on a dark night on a dark place 536 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:25,500 that's much darker than Baltimore or 537 00:25:28,460 --> 00:25:27,090 most places on the East Coast but if 538 00:25:30,379 --> 00:25:28,470 you're lucky you can you'll have access 539 00:25:33,740 --> 00:25:30,389 to a to a dark place like this you can 540 00:25:36,860 --> 00:25:33,750 see the Milky Way yes up here is you see 541 00:25:38,149 --> 00:25:36,870 you there that's a laser yeah up here 542 00:25:40,730 --> 00:25:38,159 you have close the center of the Milky 543 00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:40,740 Way and you also see that the Milky Way 544 00:25:43,850 --> 00:25:42,510 is you know there's a bright still a 545 00:25:47,269 --> 00:25:43,860 background field but there's and there's 546 00:25:50,180 --> 00:25:47,279 lots of dark clouds in those dark clouds 547 00:25:53,210 --> 00:25:50,190 of course are consist of gas and dust 548 00:25:54,649 --> 00:25:53,220 and this is where stars form so you can 549 00:25:55,940 --> 00:25:54,659 zoom into one of the places let me let 550 00:25:58,669 --> 00:25:55,950 me go back here so you can see here this 551 00:26:02,629 --> 00:25:58,679 go to a better image here assuming that 552 00:26:06,049 --> 00:26:02,639 that region here low resolution Frank 553 00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:06,059 does you can enhance this this is a one 554 00:26:10,220 --> 00:26:07,440 of the nearest star forming regions it's 555 00:26:11,380 --> 00:26:10,230 about four times near three or four 556 00:26:13,539 --> 00:26:11,390 times nearer than or 557 00:26:16,539 --> 00:26:13,549 and Frank showed this it's called a few 558 00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:16,549 cos this is an area that forms stars 559 00:26:21,730 --> 00:26:19,450 much like our Sun so low-mass stars and 560 00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:21,740 but it's really dominating and you can 561 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:24,080 see these streamers here of dust that's 562 00:26:28,660 --> 00:26:25,490 what you see and again these are visible 563 00:26:30,190 --> 00:26:28,670 visible images you can make a bigger 564 00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:30,200 telescope you can make a deeper 565 00:26:32,740 --> 00:26:31,730 integration here and you see more more 566 00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:32,750 structure here again it's the same 567 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:35,120 region it's just a longer integration 568 00:26:40,660 --> 00:26:37,970 time with a bigger telescope can zoom in 569 00:26:43,090 --> 00:26:40,670 on that yeah and you see more of this 570 00:26:45,580 --> 00:26:43,100 this dark cloud he don't he can also 571 00:26:47,020 --> 00:26:45,590 enhance that so again we have dark cloud 572 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:47,030 here so I wants you to focus in this 573 00:26:49,630 --> 00:26:48,860 area here very dark but not much is 574 00:26:54,909 --> 00:26:49,640 going on there 575 00:26:58,090 --> 00:26:54,919 zoom in again here Wow enhance okay this 576 00:27:00,370 --> 00:26:58,100 is very dark again this is a low mass 577 00:27:02,799 --> 00:27:00,380 star forming region once you go to the 578 00:27:04,810 --> 00:27:02,809 to the infrared let's go a little bit 579 00:27:08,289 --> 00:27:04,820 into the infrared to start with that but 580 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:08,299 also note that you see the dark cloudy 581 00:27:11,169 --> 00:27:09,650 and you see around it there's there's 582 00:27:12,970 --> 00:27:11,179 some light here this is actually light 583 00:27:15,250 --> 00:27:12,980 that's scattered off of dust grains from 584 00:27:16,330 --> 00:27:15,260 stars in the surrounding area so you see 585 00:27:18,610 --> 00:27:16,340 a little bit of light there when you go 586 00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:18,620 into the near-infrared just you know to 587 00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:20,720 micro 2 micrometers or so it looks like 588 00:27:26,169 --> 00:27:22,880 this so all the scattered light fades 589 00:27:28,810 --> 00:27:26,179 away and you start to see these these 590 00:27:31,450 --> 00:27:28,820 red things inside the cloud these are 591 00:27:34,060 --> 00:27:31,460 forming young stars that were there were 592 00:27:35,860 --> 00:27:34,070 hidden before and you see look and you 593 00:27:38,650 --> 00:27:35,870 see a lot of these these more widely 594 00:27:40,659 --> 00:27:38,660 stars he's a background stars so stars 595 00:27:41,950 --> 00:27:40,669 located behind the cloud but there's 596 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:41,960 more to it than that so this is just to 597 00:27:46,390 --> 00:27:43,610 my friend so so the Hubble can sort of 598 00:27:48,850 --> 00:27:46,400 almost which this kind of infrared James 599 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:48,860 Webb can do more all right so if you 600 00:27:54,010 --> 00:27:51,290 continue a journey into the mid infrared 601 00:27:56,830 --> 00:27:54,020 into the thermal infrared this area 602 00:27:59,740 --> 00:27:56,840 looks like this and what you see now is 603 00:28:02,200 --> 00:27:59,750 that dust itself starts to shine so in a 604 00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:02,210 near infrared you see through dust in 605 00:28:07,150 --> 00:28:04,730 the mid infrared dust itself lights up 606 00:28:09,789 --> 00:28:07,160 so here you see this bright areas here 607 00:28:12,310 --> 00:28:09,799 these are actually tiny dust grains that 608 00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:12,320 are made of it's kind of like a smog 609 00:28:18,580 --> 00:28:15,370 it's made of complex organic chemistry 610 00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:18,590 those light up brightly you also see 611 00:28:23,380 --> 00:28:21,350 these red stars now you know these 612 00:28:24,649 --> 00:28:23,390 scattered in among these these blue 613 00:28:26,269 --> 00:28:24,659 stars the 614 00:28:27,979 --> 00:28:26,279 nustar's you just regular starter in 615 00:28:29,389 --> 00:28:27,989 infrared and emit infrared this will be 616 00:28:31,580 --> 00:28:29,399 blue these are background stars just 617 00:28:32,659 --> 00:28:31,590 boring old stars with nothing under 618 00:28:35,060 --> 00:28:32,669 although of course many of them will 619 00:28:37,369 --> 00:28:35,070 have planets but the red ones here those 620 00:28:38,779 --> 00:28:37,379 are stars that have protoplanetary discs 621 00:28:41,629 --> 00:28:38,789 around them so they're surrounded by 622 00:28:43,159 --> 00:28:41,639 discs of gas and dust that are circling 623 00:28:45,169 --> 00:28:43,169 around them and those discs actively 624 00:28:47,149 --> 00:28:45,179 forming planets so when you go to the 625 00:28:49,580 --> 00:28:47,159 midden for this it's it's very easy to 626 00:28:51,139 --> 00:28:49,590 pick out the objects that are right now 627 00:28:56,659 --> 00:28:51,149 currently forming planets it's the red 628 00:28:59,629 --> 00:28:56,669 ones and and so and this is an example 629 00:29:04,639 --> 00:28:59,639 of what you gain from going to longer 630 00:29:07,339 --> 00:29:04,649 wavelengths and and Hubble beyond the 631 00:29:10,339 --> 00:29:07,349 original galaxy formation case and so 632 00:29:13,099 --> 00:29:10,349 why is it that that that you see dust in 633 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:13,109 and mid-infrared wavelengths well what 634 00:29:18,889 --> 00:29:15,690 you can do is is you can look at this 635 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:18,899 relation here between temperature and 636 00:29:23,719 --> 00:29:20,970 wavelengths so anything that has a 637 00:29:25,789 --> 00:29:23,729 temperature emits light if it's if it's 638 00:29:29,659 --> 00:29:25,799 hot enough you know you can get white 639 00:29:31,940 --> 00:29:29,669 hot iron for example that emits light on 640 00:29:34,159 --> 00:29:31,950 its own because it's hot enough and 641 00:29:35,779 --> 00:29:34,169 stars emit light because they're hot in 642 00:29:37,879 --> 00:29:35,789 offices so starts a thousands of degrees 643 00:29:39,649 --> 00:29:37,889 on their surface and so we can see them 644 00:29:41,629 --> 00:29:39,659 you look at the Sun it emits lights on 645 00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:41,639 its own the earth it we're standing on 646 00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:43,080 it's also emitting light but we can see 647 00:29:47,029 --> 00:29:44,970 it because it emits light in the 648 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:47,039 infrared because it's cooler and so this 649 00:29:50,869 --> 00:29:48,330 is just to give an indication of 650 00:29:53,419 --> 00:29:50,879 relation between the temperature of an 651 00:29:55,129 --> 00:29:53,429 object you know different planets and in 652 00:29:58,070 --> 00:29:55,139 the solar system and what wavelengths 653 00:29:59,930 --> 00:29:58,080 their peak emission comes out at so you 654 00:30:01,279 --> 00:29:59,940 have stars here through the visible once 655 00:30:04,190 --> 00:30:01,289 you go out into the infrared you have 656 00:30:05,749 --> 00:30:04,200 Venus comes here that peaks at 4-4 657 00:30:08,719 --> 00:30:05,759 micron or something like that 658 00:30:10,549 --> 00:30:08,729 earth itself itself emission peaks at 659 00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:10,559 around 10 micrometers and then if you 660 00:30:14,330 --> 00:30:12,690 garden the outer solar system you end up 661 00:30:16,129 --> 00:30:14,340 in in beyond the mid infrared what's 662 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:16,139 called the far infrared so something 663 00:30:22,099 --> 00:30:18,210 like Pluto emits most of it light slide 664 00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:22,109 at you know 70 80 micro meters beyond 665 00:30:26,719 --> 00:30:23,970 what j-dub is T can do but you can see 666 00:30:29,719 --> 00:30:26,729 that that that the data was T range here 667 00:30:31,009 --> 00:30:29,729 the web range is is perfect if you're 668 00:30:34,639 --> 00:30:31,019 interested in looking at things that 669 00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:34,649 have room temperature and of course you 670 00:30:37,450 --> 00:30:35,970 are right because we're interested in 671 00:30:39,580 --> 00:30:37,460 looking at planets with room temp 672 00:30:44,110 --> 00:30:39,590 for example we're interested in look in 673 00:30:46,779 --> 00:30:44,120 understanding dust and material in in 674 00:30:48,970 --> 00:30:46,789 planet-forming regions that that is much 675 00:30:51,070 --> 00:30:48,980 like you know what we're surrounded yeah 676 00:30:52,180 --> 00:30:51,080 in in this room so if you're not so 677 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:52,190 lesson is if you want to look at cool 678 00:30:55,210 --> 00:30:53,570 cool things you want to go to the middle 679 00:30:58,659 --> 00:30:55,220 into there to the infrared and 680 00:31:01,360 --> 00:30:58,669 particularly the median fret alright so 681 00:31:02,740 --> 00:31:01,370 in terms of size for that so again you 682 00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:02,750 want to be cold you want to be big this 683 00:31:12,010 --> 00:31:07,450 is James Webb compared to to Hubble 684 00:31:15,070 --> 00:31:12,020 they're actually about in in a sense the 685 00:31:17,019 --> 00:31:15,080 data base T is not that that much much 686 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:17,029 bigger that's actually in terms of mass 687 00:31:21,789 --> 00:31:19,210 not a much different and and then Hubble 688 00:31:25,659 --> 00:31:21,799 but because it has this this sort of 689 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:25,669 modern design with no baffle dominated 690 00:31:31,450 --> 00:31:27,890 by Sun shield which is really very thin 691 00:31:33,190 --> 00:31:31,460 layers of insulating material you can 692 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:33,200 get a much bigger telescope for the same 693 00:31:41,350 --> 00:31:38,210 for the same kind of of mass here is 694 00:31:44,019 --> 00:31:41,360 here is the design related to keeping a 695 00:31:47,710 --> 00:31:44,029 telescope cool so you'll have this side 696 00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:47,720 here which is always facing the Sun it's 697 00:31:53,590 --> 00:31:49,640 a warm side and so that contains the 698 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:53,600 spacecraft communications computer all 699 00:31:56,490 --> 00:31:55,250 those things it's actually quite hot 700 00:31:59,620 --> 00:31:56,500 about a hundred eighty five degrees 701 00:32:01,630 --> 00:31:59,630 Fahrenheit and then as a cold side here 702 00:32:04,990 --> 00:32:01,640 with all the with the science payload is 703 00:32:06,549 --> 00:32:05,000 because has all the optics light comes 704 00:32:10,029 --> 00:32:06,559 in here bounces off the primary because 705 00:32:11,860 --> 00:32:10,039 the secondary goes into this package 706 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:11,870 here which is the the instrument package 707 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:13,610 so all the science instrument cameras 708 00:32:19,269 --> 00:32:16,130 and things like that sits it behind the 709 00:32:22,299 --> 00:32:19,279 the primary mirror here and is also on 710 00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:22,309 the cold side about minus 400 degrees 711 00:32:26,409 --> 00:32:24,710 Fahrenheit so you can imagine the 712 00:32:28,060 --> 00:32:26,419 temperature gradient across here is 713 00:32:29,380 --> 00:32:28,070 enormous through these five layers of 714 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:29,390 Sun shield it's it's quite an 715 00:32:37,260 --> 00:32:31,010 engineering feat to to make that 716 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:37,270 possible so what do you get from having 717 00:32:43,690 --> 00:32:40,610 a large telescope that is cold in the 718 00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:43,700 infrared well we can compare what in a 719 00:32:48,730 --> 00:32:46,100 million Fred what Webb can do compared 720 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:48,740 to what has been possible in the past 721 00:32:51,010 --> 00:32:49,970 for example with the Spitzer Space 722 00:32:53,170 --> 00:32:51,020 Telescope 723 00:32:55,690 --> 00:32:53,180 we may have heard about which is NASA's 724 00:32:59,290 --> 00:32:55,700 last infrared telescope which was an 85 725 00:33:03,580 --> 00:32:59,300 centimeter mirror right so just over 726 00:33:05,620 --> 00:33:03,590 over a couple of feet so if you look at 727 00:33:08,260 --> 00:33:05,630 the science case where you're looking at 728 00:33:09,820 --> 00:33:08,270 star formation the star forming region I 729 00:33:11,410 --> 00:33:09,830 showed you and many others and Orion 730 00:33:13,510 --> 00:33:11,420 itself is all contained within this 731 00:33:14,890 --> 00:33:13,520 little circle here and in our galaxy 732 00:33:19,390 --> 00:33:14,900 it's quite far it's about eight 733 00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:19,400 kiloparsecs to the to the center once 734 00:33:24,430 --> 00:33:22,310 you go you go to web and you apply that 735 00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:24,440 to the same kind of science looking at 736 00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:27,710 young stars how far away in the galaxy 737 00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:29,810 can you can you do the same kind of 738 00:33:34,150 --> 00:33:31,490 science at Spitzer could do in the in 739 00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:34,160 the solar neighborhood well it expands 740 00:33:40,650 --> 00:33:38,630 our horizon like this and we web will 741 00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:40,660 allow us to do the same kind of science 742 00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:43,460 but across the galaxy two completely 743 00:33:46,930 --> 00:33:45,590 different regions we can we can look at 744 00:33:49,030 --> 00:33:46,940 star and plant information near the 745 00:33:51,910 --> 00:33:49,040 galactic center we can look go to the 746 00:33:54,070 --> 00:33:51,920 other side look for our you know what 747 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:54,080 happens if you're you're out in areas 748 00:33:58,530 --> 00:33:56,570 where you don't have as much dust where 749 00:34:01,240 --> 00:33:58,540 less was formed with it's more quiet and 750 00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:01,250 we can really understand 751 00:34:08,889 --> 00:34:05,170 planets and stars in in a galactic 752 00:34:10,899 --> 00:34:08,899 context and a galactic sense all right 753 00:34:13,659 --> 00:34:10,909 compared to people this is how big it is 754 00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:13,669 so this is a model was at Goddard at 755 00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:15,830 this point here and see some of the 756 00:34:20,710 --> 00:34:18,530 people who've been working on it so it's 757 00:34:24,010 --> 00:34:20,720 about tennis court size once it's fully 758 00:34:26,950 --> 00:34:24,020 deployed of course you can't fit that 759 00:34:29,710 --> 00:34:26,960 into a rocket so so Webb will be 760 00:34:32,620 --> 00:34:29,720 launched by the European Space Agency in 761 00:34:34,330 --> 00:34:32,630 an area in five from Kourou in in South 762 00:34:36,790 --> 00:34:34,340 America and so here's an example of that 763 00:34:39,010 --> 00:34:36,800 and you can look inside the Ariane 5 764 00:34:41,230 --> 00:34:39,020 fairing here and you can see how Webb 765 00:34:43,570 --> 00:34:41,240 will be all folded up the sides will 766 00:34:46,180 --> 00:34:43,580 have come back from the from the primary 767 00:34:48,220 --> 00:34:46,190 mirror in orbit they get folded out and 768 00:34:52,180 --> 00:34:48,230 the Sun shield is also folded up into 769 00:34:53,649 --> 00:34:52,190 two pallets and sit along the the mirror 770 00:34:55,480 --> 00:34:53,659 so it's again it's a quite an 771 00:34:57,910 --> 00:34:55,490 engineering feat to make this all fit 772 00:35:02,110 --> 00:34:57,920 together so it can fit inside and in an 773 00:35:04,540 --> 00:35:02,120 area in five there's a lot of progress 774 00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:04,550 has been made on the telescope 775 00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:08,930 so here is here's a recent image from 776 00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:10,970 this is from Goddard when it was still 777 00:35:16,780 --> 00:35:14,330 there fully deployed science payload you 778 00:35:19,150 --> 00:35:16,790 can see the golden mirror here covered 779 00:35:21,670 --> 00:35:19,160 in gold for the best reflectivity in the 780 00:35:23,710 --> 00:35:21,680 in the infrared so I was covered in gold 781 00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:23,720 because he's a secondary up here also 782 00:35:29,980 --> 00:35:27,290 also covered in gold this is the the 783 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:29,990 instrument module as you can see sea 784 00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:31,610 instruments that are bolted onto the 785 00:35:35,380 --> 00:35:33,470 sides here so it has four instruments in 786 00:35:37,990 --> 00:35:35,390 here I'll show you an overview of those 787 00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:38,000 a bit later here you can see the 788 00:35:47,980 --> 00:35:40,820 instrument package put in place behind 789 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:47,990 the the primary mirror and after it was 790 00:35:53,470 --> 00:35:50,570 all completed the science payload at at 791 00:35:56,940 --> 00:35:53,480 Goddard was transported to Johnson Space 792 00:36:00,840 --> 00:35:56,950 Center in in Texas where underwent 793 00:36:06,250 --> 00:36:00,850 extensive tests with the inside this big 794 00:36:07,870 --> 00:36:06,260 vacuum cryogenic vacuum chamber had to 795 00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:07,880 be very big this was originally built 796 00:36:14,109 --> 00:36:12,650 for for testing Apollo and so so the 797 00:36:16,060 --> 00:36:14,119 whole the whole science payload was 798 00:36:16,990 --> 00:36:16,070 tested all together in there and that 799 00:36:19,150 --> 00:36:17,000 test has just been successfully 800 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:19,160 completed and it's out of that that 801 00:36:25,390 --> 00:36:23,210 chamber again and here you have the the 802 00:36:28,030 --> 00:36:25,400 sunshield they'll be as a spacecraft 803 00:36:29,530 --> 00:36:28,040 pass underneath here with all that 804 00:36:32,950 --> 00:36:29,540 basically these are the two pieces at 805 00:36:35,220 --> 00:36:32,960 the left of the observatory so the 806 00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:35,230 science payload he'll be shipped to 807 00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:37,310 Northrop Grumman in California 808 00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:39,440 where the Sun shield is and will be made 809 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:40,850 it two together and it'll be a number of 810 00:36:43,599 --> 00:36:42,650 tests all together with a spacecraft all 811 00:36:45,660 --> 00:36:43,609 together and for the first time you'll 812 00:36:48,099 --> 00:36:45,670 be able to see the whole thing together 813 00:36:49,210 --> 00:36:48,109 instead of looking at at artist's 814 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:49,220 impressions and that's the best 815 00:36:52,870 --> 00:36:50,690 essentially last step that integration 816 00:36:54,609 --> 00:36:52,880 and testing then it'll be packed up and 817 00:36:58,450 --> 00:36:54,619 shipped to to South America for launch 818 00:37:03,550 --> 00:36:58,460 which is slated for the second quarter 819 00:37:04,870 --> 00:37:03,560 right now of 2019 at the end of you know 820 00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:04,880 you might want to stick around to the 821 00:37:10,270 --> 00:37:06,530 end of this presentation because there's 822 00:37:13,050 --> 00:37:10,280 we have a very very very cool little 823 00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:13,060 video that shows the Assembly of this so 824 00:37:22,170 --> 00:37:18,290 it looks nice alright so 825 00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:25,240 in the Observatory name before called 826 00:37:28,990 --> 00:37:27,770 near speck near kam Mirian nearest point 827 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:29,000 of this year is that this is what it's 828 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:31,610 called a focal plane so essentially when 829 00:37:36,010 --> 00:37:33,890 you're pointed on the sky each 830 00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:36,020 instrument points at some place in the 831 00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:37,810 sky the same time but not the same place 832 00:37:42,580 --> 00:37:40,250 so here near kam that's a near infrared 833 00:37:44,590 --> 00:37:42,590 camera that will point at this part of 834 00:37:48,130 --> 00:37:44,600 the sky Miri which is emit infrared 835 00:37:49,780 --> 00:37:48,140 instrument pointer to sky the same time 836 00:37:51,640 --> 00:37:49,790 but a slightly different different spot 837 00:37:53,410 --> 00:37:51,650 so it's actually possible to operate 838 00:37:55,030 --> 00:37:53,420 more than one instrument at the same 839 00:37:56,860 --> 00:37:55,040 time and can take pictures with both 840 00:37:57,850 --> 00:37:56,870 near cam and with Miri at the same time 841 00:38:00,010 --> 00:37:57,860 they're just looking at slightly 842 00:38:03,340 --> 00:38:00,020 different spots in the sky and if you're 843 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:03,350 smart you might say if you're mapping a 844 00:38:07,720 --> 00:38:06,170 larger region and by stepping the 845 00:38:09,310 --> 00:38:07,730 telescope you know maybe over here and 846 00:38:10,720 --> 00:38:09,320 taking another image stepping it over 847 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:10,730 here taking another image stepping it 848 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:12,650 over here take another image and so on 849 00:38:17,350 --> 00:38:15,170 you might have an overlap region where 850 00:38:19,210 --> 00:38:17,360 where both instruments are taking are 851 00:38:20,830 --> 00:38:19,220 taking data I want you to collect 852 00:38:23,350 --> 00:38:20,840 everything and so they are observing 853 00:38:28,270 --> 00:38:23,360 strategies that do that new speck is 854 00:38:30,130 --> 00:38:28,280 just spectroscopy in an infrared and the 855 00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:30,140 new is here that's that's the instrument 856 00:38:35,650 --> 00:38:33,770 that'll be or a lot of that instrument 857 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:35,660 will be used to to take spectra of 858 00:38:39,250 --> 00:38:38,210 transiting exoplanets and and Barney is 859 00:38:43,690 --> 00:38:39,260 going to talk a little bit more about 860 00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:43,700 that later an important part of Webb 861 00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:45,890 compared to Hubble is that it's not just 862 00:38:50,170 --> 00:38:48,110 imaging there's coarsest and imaging 863 00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:50,180 modes you know all the wavelengths but 864 00:38:54,670 --> 00:38:52,400 it has lots and lots of four instruments 865 00:38:55,570 --> 00:38:54,680 that do spectroscopy and like why do you 866 00:38:58,600 --> 00:38:55,580 do spectroscopy 867 00:39:01,450 --> 00:38:58,610 well imaging typically will tell you 868 00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:01,460 where things are but spectroscopy will 869 00:39:06,310 --> 00:39:03,920 tell you what they're made of so if 870 00:39:10,030 --> 00:39:06,320 you're interested in say looking at 871 00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:10,040 what's the composition of planet-forming 872 00:39:14,350 --> 00:39:12,710 disks or a young star or galaxy you take 873 00:39:15,730 --> 00:39:14,360 a spectrum of it and it'll really reveal 874 00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:15,740 what's what what's there in particular 875 00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:18,170 like for example is I said interested in 876 00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:19,610 if there's water there you'd need a 877 00:39:24,130 --> 00:39:22,010 spectrum typically to to tell you that 878 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:24,140 and also will tell you properties of 879 00:39:29,020 --> 00:39:28,010 that example how hot it is and so we 880 00:39:32,740 --> 00:39:29,030 expect to be lots and lots of 881 00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:32,750 spectroscopy done with with Webb alright 882 00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:36,710 so at the end of the telescope part I'll 883 00:39:57,370 --> 00:39:39,050 hand it on to Barney talk about the 884 00:40:02,700 --> 00:39:57,380 science okay hi really okay so yes I'm 885 00:40:10,270 --> 00:40:06,370 there's you know the class was talking 886 00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:10,280 about how great of a history Webb 887 00:40:16,510 --> 00:40:13,130 telescope has had in coming to what it 888 00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:16,520 is today and it came up do you know the 889 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:21,130 original cases for the science wise were 890 00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:24,890 we're very far away from home you know 891 00:40:30,010 --> 00:40:26,690 there there are these these early early 892 00:40:31,690 --> 00:40:30,020 galaxies and then as the cases all 893 00:40:35,290 --> 00:40:31,700 develop the science cases developed 894 00:40:36,460 --> 00:40:35,300 there really settled on four big topics 895 00:40:39,610 --> 00:40:36,470 so I'm going to take you guys through 896 00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:39,620 these four big topics one of them still 897 00:40:45,910 --> 00:40:43,610 remain remains the first light in the 898 00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:45,920 universe so some of those first galaxies 899 00:40:52,210 --> 00:40:48,890 to form in the universe how did that 900 00:40:55,660 --> 00:40:52,220 happen how do those galaxies then grow 901 00:40:58,240 --> 00:40:55,670 over cosmic time some of that work is 902 00:41:01,660 --> 00:40:58,250 motivated again by by Hubble and other 903 00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:01,670 telescopes looking at all these 904 00:41:08,110 --> 00:41:05,690 different epochs of galaxies then we 905 00:41:10,750 --> 00:41:08,120 come to how do stars and planets form 906 00:41:13,120 --> 00:41:10,760 we're getting closer to home and smaller 907 00:41:14,530 --> 00:41:13,130 and smaller show you tell you guys a 908 00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:14,540 little bit more about that and finally 909 00:41:20,940 --> 00:41:17,110 what our planetary atmospheres made of 910 00:41:24,220 --> 00:41:20,950 so over the course of all the science of 911 00:41:26,140 --> 00:41:24,230 and the science case made for Webb as it 912 00:41:29,260 --> 00:41:26,150 was being developed we discovered 913 00:41:31,270 --> 00:41:29,270 exoplanets and we started looking at 914 00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:31,280 them and we'd be developed techniques 915 00:41:38,020 --> 00:41:33,050 for actually being able to probe their 916 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:38,030 atmospheres so this is a these four big 917 00:41:44,980 --> 00:41:40,970 themes may seem obvious to us right now 918 00:41:47,140 --> 00:41:44,990 but it's been such a long 919 00:41:49,540 --> 00:41:47,150 with a lot of people involved that that 920 00:41:51,010 --> 00:41:49,550 these weren't necessarily what we 921 00:41:53,590 --> 00:41:51,020 thought we'd be able to get out of this 922 00:41:57,820 --> 00:41:53,600 telescope when it first started I'll 923 00:42:00,870 --> 00:41:57,830 also add that like Hubble I'm sure even 924 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:00,880 more things will come out of Webb so 925 00:42:07,480 --> 00:42:04,930 back to these these are these first 926 00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:07,490 first light and the epoch of 927 00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:11,200 reionization so this is a graphic of 928 00:42:16,660 --> 00:42:14,090 cosmic time basically so we start all 929 00:42:20,110 --> 00:42:16,670 the way over here with the Big Bang 930 00:42:22,210 --> 00:42:20,120 okay who's heard of the Big Bang pants 931 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:22,220 okay good you got I see a lot of regular 932 00:42:26,260 --> 00:42:23,810 faces out there too so okay I figured if 933 00:42:29,290 --> 00:42:26,270 you guys need okay so everything's the 934 00:42:32,830 --> 00:42:29,300 universe starts basically okay 935 00:42:34,780 --> 00:42:32,840 then there's it's just a big soupy mess 936 00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:34,790 basically that's that's the technical 937 00:42:40,330 --> 00:42:38,330 term for it a soupy mess and you go 938 00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:40,340 through what's what's called radiation 939 00:42:48,940 --> 00:42:44,860 era and the dark ages and then we 940 00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:48,950 photons come flooding out and we call it 941 00:42:54,910 --> 00:42:52,700 the epoch of rihanna's ation so from 942 00:42:57,490 --> 00:42:54,920 that we start being able to so that from 943 00:42:59,830 --> 00:42:57,500 this epoch of reorganisation particles 944 00:43:04,000 --> 00:42:59,840 start coming together we start getting 945 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:04,010 little little protons and neutrons and 946 00:43:09,430 --> 00:43:07,010 those you know those those early that 947 00:43:12,990 --> 00:43:09,440 that early stuff the the hydrogen and 948 00:43:15,640 --> 00:43:13,000 the helium starts forming some stars and 949 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:15,650 eventually all that stuff comes together 950 00:43:23,110 --> 00:43:19,490 and forms those first galaxies okay and 951 00:43:24,940 --> 00:43:23,120 then from there we have you know a whole 952 00:43:28,060 --> 00:43:24,950 bunch of stuff happens and then we have 953 00:43:31,030 --> 00:43:28,070 the beautiful jewel box gem box that we 954 00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:31,040 now have of galaxies in things we've 955 00:43:34,180 --> 00:43:32,450 seen that are part of popular culture 956 00:43:36,220 --> 00:43:34,190 like the Hubble Deep fields 957 00:43:39,760 --> 00:43:36,230 so you're regulars I'm sure you have the 958 00:43:43,150 --> 00:43:39,770 lithograph of that so give you guys a 959 00:43:47,890 --> 00:43:43,160 kind of an interesting view of what I 960 00:43:54,370 --> 00:43:47,900 just talked about but with beautiful 961 00:43:55,930 --> 00:43:54,380 animation you see stuff starting to all 962 00:43:57,560 --> 00:43:55,940 these little stars these first stars 963 00:44:00,260 --> 00:43:57,570 starting to come 964 00:44:07,670 --> 00:44:00,270 together eventually we get we get lots 965 00:44:12,280 --> 00:44:07,680 of galaxies forming we get this kind of 966 00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:12,290 thing happening and this is what we're 967 00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:15,060 looking for we're looking for these 968 00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:18,170 first stars and galaxies to form 969 00:44:24,070 --> 00:44:20,850 eventually start populating the entire 970 00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:24,080 universe gravitationally interact and 971 00:44:29,180 --> 00:44:26,850 hopefully hopefully we can see the light 972 00:44:32,570 --> 00:44:29,190 from those okay and this will give us a 973 00:44:34,820 --> 00:44:32,580 bit a greater appreciation and better 974 00:44:37,540 --> 00:44:34,830 understanding of what's going on out 975 00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:37,550 there how are all of these galaxies 976 00:44:43,490 --> 00:44:40,650 forming how are they evolving what do 977 00:44:46,310 --> 00:44:43,500 they look like as they're evolving so 978 00:44:48,710 --> 00:44:46,320 white right now with Hubble we've been 979 00:44:51,650 --> 00:44:48,720 able to look back with things like the 980 00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:51,660 Hubble Ultra Deep Field back even 981 00:44:56,900 --> 00:44:54,120 further with special projects like the 982 00:45:00,380 --> 00:44:56,910 frontier fields which used gravitational 983 00:45:04,010 --> 00:45:00,390 lensing to be able to probe even farther 984 00:45:06,410 --> 00:45:04,020 back toward more distant galaxies but 985 00:45:08,870 --> 00:45:06,420 really all we've seen or maybe you know 986 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:08,880 if you compare it to a human life span 987 00:45:14,660 --> 00:45:12,330 something like a toddler okay what we 988 00:45:16,850 --> 00:45:14,670 may be maybe an infant but maybe like 989 00:45:18,980 --> 00:45:16,860 eight nine months old what we want to 990 00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:18,990 see are those baby baby pictures those 991 00:45:26,210 --> 00:45:22,530 infants that newborn and we want to see 992 00:45:29,390 --> 00:45:26,220 that that chubby squishy little face and 993 00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:29,400 see what exactly the full lifespan of 994 00:45:34,730 --> 00:45:31,710 galaxies has been in our universe so 995 00:45:37,460 --> 00:45:34,740 that's really important to us and you 996 00:45:38,990 --> 00:45:37,470 see just that get to get to this you 997 00:45:42,380 --> 00:45:39,000 know up a point today where we can look 998 00:45:45,620 --> 00:45:42,390 out through any soda straw out into the 999 00:45:50,090 --> 00:45:45,630 universe and see a jewel box of galaxies 1000 00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:50,100 of all different types so and to be able 1001 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:52,080 to look at those galaxies that are 1002 00:45:58,040 --> 00:45:54,810 closer in and more modern or 1003 00:46:00,410 --> 00:45:58,050 contemporary and see what is going on 1004 00:46:02,090 --> 00:46:00,420 inside of those galaxies so this this 1005 00:46:06,560 --> 00:46:02,100 comes back to that second science theme 1006 00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:06,570 of of the the galaxy evolution and what 1007 00:46:11,540 --> 00:46:10,800 galaxies are looking like today so you 1008 00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:11,550 see this 1009 00:46:17,030 --> 00:46:13,650 perfectly divided down the middle this 1010 00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:17,040 is the infrared side and this is the 1011 00:46:23,290 --> 00:46:20,610 visible side so you may have seen this 1012 00:46:25,670 --> 00:46:23,300 side of the whole thing the visible side 1013 00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:25,680 because I believe we also have beautiful 1014 00:46:30,110 --> 00:46:28,650 Hubble images of this in the lithographs 1015 00:46:32,660 --> 00:46:30,120 that you may have received at public 1016 00:46:35,330 --> 00:46:32,670 lecture series you can see these bright 1017 00:46:37,630 --> 00:46:35,340 spots of star formation in here you 1018 00:46:40,730 --> 00:46:37,640 could also see these dark dust lanes 1019 00:46:44,840 --> 00:46:40,740 here that's all the dark parts here are 1020 00:46:46,910 --> 00:46:44,850 those dust lanes where the visible light 1021 00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:46,920 of what's going on in this galaxy can't 1022 00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:50,160 get through to our eyes or to Hubble's 1023 00:46:58,730 --> 00:46:55,410 eyes it can't pass through that dust but 1024 00:47:00,890 --> 00:46:58,740 when we look in the infrared all that 1025 00:47:02,300 --> 00:47:00,900 dust is glowing so we can see what's 1026 00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:02,310 going on with that dust so you see that 1027 00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:05,610 these dark lanes here suddenly become 1028 00:47:09,530 --> 00:47:07,710 the brightest thing and what we're 1029 00:47:13,730 --> 00:47:09,540 looking at in the infrared so that's 1030 00:47:15,470 --> 00:47:13,740 what we're hoping for with with Webb is 1031 00:47:17,720 --> 00:47:15,480 we're going to study these sorts of 1032 00:47:20,690 --> 00:47:17,730 things we're going to look at these dust 1033 00:47:22,430 --> 00:47:20,700 lanes in nearby galaxies and look for 1034 00:47:25,250 --> 00:47:22,440 what's happening there and how they're 1035 00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:25,260 glowing and trace map out all that that 1036 00:47:35,810 --> 00:47:31,910 dust and learn some more about it okay 1037 00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:35,820 third topic that I mentioned earlier was 1038 00:47:42,970 --> 00:47:40,170 the formation of stars and planets and I 1039 00:47:47,120 --> 00:47:42,980 think this is one that really strikes 1040 00:47:49,130 --> 00:47:47,130 people's imaginations because we're 1041 00:47:52,490 --> 00:47:49,140 living it every day you know you're 1042 00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:52,500 you're in you're living on a planet in a 1043 00:47:57,830 --> 00:47:55,530 solar system that has a star and so 1044 00:48:00,770 --> 00:47:57,840 every day you can look up at the sky and 1045 00:48:05,390 --> 00:48:00,780 think well how did that get there how 1046 00:48:07,250 --> 00:48:05,400 are we here and on a very everyday level 1047 00:48:10,550 --> 00:48:07,260 it's there so what we're looking at here 1048 00:48:13,070 --> 00:48:10,560 is something that Webb will be able to 1049 00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:13,080 look at which would be an early a 1050 00:48:19,640 --> 00:48:16,710 newborn star a forming star and with a 1051 00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:19,650 forming star you get this big disk of 1052 00:48:28,980 --> 00:48:24,410 gas and dust around it you get jets 1053 00:48:33,180 --> 00:48:28,990 I mean out of it of of really really hot 1054 00:48:38,950 --> 00:48:33,190 gas particles things like that then 1055 00:48:41,590 --> 00:48:38,960 inside you have the new star for me so 1056 00:48:43,240 --> 00:48:41,600 I'm gonna take this you know there we go 1057 00:48:45,100 --> 00:48:43,250 oh it's on repeat I didn't realize you 1058 00:48:48,010 --> 00:48:45,110 did that thank you 1059 00:48:51,070 --> 00:48:48,020 so we have this slider here that takes 1060 00:48:55,090 --> 00:48:51,080 you from the visible to the infrared of 1061 00:48:56,530 --> 00:48:55,100 this image and you can see those Jets I 1062 00:48:59,820 --> 00:48:56,540 was talking about when you look at it 1063 00:49:02,890 --> 00:48:59,830 and the visible all we see is that new 1064 00:49:05,770 --> 00:49:02,900 forming star right there the rest of it 1065 00:49:07,450 --> 00:49:05,780 is all dark dark dust because we can't 1066 00:49:11,260 --> 00:49:07,460 see light visible light coming through 1067 00:49:14,650 --> 00:49:11,270 it but in the infrared right here you 1068 00:49:17,650 --> 00:49:14,660 get to see those Jets become visible and 1069 00:49:24,550 --> 00:49:17,660 so we can learn more about how these 1070 00:49:26,620 --> 00:49:24,560 stars are forming and how what what 1071 00:49:28,120 --> 00:49:26,630 processes are happening and how they're 1072 00:49:32,350 --> 00:49:28,130 affecting the environment around those 1073 00:49:36,030 --> 00:49:32,360 stars one of the other things we can 1074 00:49:40,750 --> 00:49:36,040 look at as as Klaus mentioned earlier is 1075 00:49:42,460 --> 00:49:40,760 a spectra so doing spectroscopy I'm sure 1076 00:49:44,170 --> 00:49:42,470 many of you regular public lecture 1077 00:49:48,610 --> 00:49:44,180 series goers have heard about 1078 00:49:50,560 --> 00:49:48,620 spectroscopy a lot looking at what stuff 1079 00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:50,570 is made of what's really going on in 1080 00:49:56,050 --> 00:49:54,110 there so you get a taste of of a couple 1081 00:50:00,070 --> 00:49:56,060 of things here with web new ways to 1082 00:50:03,280 --> 00:50:00,080 probe these discs of material forming 1083 00:50:06,010 --> 00:50:03,290 around these stars so the new stars have 1084 00:50:09,340 --> 00:50:06,020 big protoplanetary discs okay you can 1085 00:50:14,260 --> 00:50:09,350 see them up here do I have a thing right 1086 00:50:16,900 --> 00:50:14,270 there yeah with the the star around it 1087 00:50:19,240 --> 00:50:16,910 with a big disc you know kind of like a 1088 00:50:21,400 --> 00:50:19,250 plate a frisbee something like that 1089 00:50:25,420 --> 00:50:21,410 around it and what we can do is we can 1090 00:50:28,030 --> 00:50:25,430 start to probe what is going on in those 1091 00:50:31,210 --> 00:50:28,040 discs and by probing what's in those 1092 00:50:34,420 --> 00:50:31,220 discs we can find in torino with 1093 00:50:37,250 --> 00:50:34,430 wavelength of light you see these the 1094 00:50:40,160 --> 00:50:37,260 spikes are telling us what's there 1095 00:50:43,070 --> 00:50:40,170 you see a couple interesting places 1096 00:50:45,020 --> 00:50:43,080 labeled here with with different types 1097 00:50:48,020 --> 00:50:45,030 of molecules so you see carbon dioxide 1098 00:50:49,930 --> 00:50:48,030 there something that maybe maybe you 1099 00:50:51,620 --> 00:50:49,940 don't want some major season in there 1100 00:50:55,070 --> 00:50:51,630 you wouldn't want it in your house 1101 00:50:56,390 --> 00:50:55,080 anyway so then we have so that's that's 1102 00:50:57,470 --> 00:50:56,400 an interesting way to probe it and see 1103 00:50:59,810 --> 00:50:57,480 what's going on there cuz seeing what 1104 00:51:04,100 --> 00:50:59,820 stuff is made of tells us part of how 1105 00:51:06,380 --> 00:51:04,110 it's made and and maybe how things 1106 00:51:08,810 --> 00:51:06,390 evolve because you can start out with 1107 00:51:10,280 --> 00:51:08,820 discs you know different stuffs gonna 1108 00:51:11,630 --> 00:51:10,290 form in different places in the discs 1109 00:51:15,050 --> 00:51:11,640 because you get further away from the 1110 00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:15,060 star discs is gonna get cooler and so 1111 00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:17,610 maybe you get you get more Isis stuff 1112 00:51:25,190 --> 00:51:21,690 that can can live as ice farther farther 1113 00:51:26,690 --> 00:51:25,200 out at cooler temperatures and they may 1114 00:51:29,780 --> 00:51:26,700 be that means a different type of planet 1115 00:51:32,300 --> 00:51:29,790 could form maybe that means the liquid 1116 00:51:34,940 --> 00:51:32,310 water or frozen water could hang out for 1117 00:51:37,670 --> 00:51:34,950 longer so all those things are building 1118 00:51:41,270 --> 00:51:37,680 this this model of what what we expect 1119 00:51:46,300 --> 00:51:41,280 in a solar system as it forms one of the 1120 00:51:51,290 --> 00:51:46,310 other things we can do is I don't know 1121 00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:51,300 oops sorry is Klaus mentioned this a 1122 00:51:58,150 --> 00:51:53,610 little bit too he had an image of it was 1123 00:52:00,920 --> 00:51:58,160 a coronagraph so that's that's basically 1124 00:52:04,490 --> 00:52:00,930 blocking out the light of the star to 1125 00:52:07,130 --> 00:52:04,500 see what's happening around it I think I 1126 00:52:10,070 --> 00:52:07,140 have another image of that coming up as 1127 00:52:11,540 --> 00:52:10,080 I talk about planetary atmospheres so 1128 00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:11,550 that's that force one planetary 1129 00:52:15,950 --> 00:52:13,710 atmospheres and this is one of the ones 1130 00:52:19,550 --> 00:52:15,960 that's you know it's a it's a field 1131 00:52:21,290 --> 00:52:19,560 that's really gotten big in the last 1132 00:52:24,470 --> 00:52:21,300 decade probably in the last five years 1133 00:52:26,420 --> 00:52:24,480 even as we explore these worlds and 1134 00:52:30,560 --> 00:52:26,430 we've gone from being able to just see 1135 00:52:32,240 --> 00:52:30,570 hot Jupiters to being able to see what 1136 00:52:35,420 --> 00:52:32,250 is going to be happening in atmospheres 1137 00:52:37,490 --> 00:52:35,430 of terrestrial type planets around other 1138 00:52:39,710 --> 00:52:37,500 stars and that's that's really the 1139 00:52:44,720 --> 00:52:39,720 promise of web so who here heard about 1140 00:52:46,850 --> 00:52:44,730 the Trappist system okay so this this 1141 00:52:50,150 --> 00:52:46,860 this came out about a year ago now it's 1142 00:52:53,630 --> 00:52:50,160 a star with seven plane 1143 00:52:55,940 --> 00:52:53,640 surround it many of them are around 1144 00:52:59,660 --> 00:52:55,950 maybe a little bit bigger than Earth 1145 00:53:00,950 --> 00:52:59,670 size they're all in what would be are 1146 00:53:02,720 --> 00:53:00,960 some of them are in what would be 1147 00:53:06,230 --> 00:53:02,730 considered the habitable zone of that 1148 00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:06,240 star so able to have liquid water on 1149 00:53:11,270 --> 00:53:09,210 them one of the big cool things that web 1150 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:11,280 can do is when we find systems like that 1151 00:53:15,680 --> 00:53:14,130 to go and probe those atmospheres and 1152 00:53:17,330 --> 00:53:15,690 I'll show you a little bit about how 1153 00:53:22,130 --> 00:53:17,340 that how we do that you can do this with 1154 00:53:25,100 --> 00:53:22,140 with Jupiter's too so what we have here 1155 00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:25,110 is the same this is the same system okay 1156 00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:26,610 just two ways of looking at it one of 1157 00:53:30,440 --> 00:53:29,010 them is what you'd look what we'd see if 1158 00:53:33,590 --> 00:53:30,450 you were in the system you'd see this a 1159 00:53:38,720 --> 00:53:33,600 planet coming around or beating around 1160 00:53:41,270 --> 00:53:38,730 its star going to the backside okay but 1161 00:53:42,740 --> 00:53:41,280 down here is what we'd see if we just 1162 00:53:50,270 --> 00:53:42,750 looked at the light coming from that 1163 00:53:51,890 --> 00:53:50,280 system we would see the as this it do 1164 00:53:54,110 --> 00:53:51,900 you see where it dips there that's where 1165 00:53:56,030 --> 00:53:54,120 the planet went in front of the star and 1166 00:53:59,180 --> 00:53:56,040 blocked out the light of the of the star 1167 00:54:00,920 --> 00:53:59,190 but then when it goes behind the star 1168 00:54:03,230 --> 00:54:00,930 you see there's another little dip 1169 00:54:06,020 --> 00:54:03,240 that's because this planet is shining in 1170 00:54:09,620 --> 00:54:06,030 its own light so wait when it goes 1171 00:54:11,990 --> 00:54:09,630 behind the star we're losing some of the 1172 00:54:15,650 --> 00:54:12,000 light of the whole system because the 1173 00:54:16,580 --> 00:54:15,660 star is locking out to the planet and in 1174 00:54:25,100 --> 00:54:16,590 doing this 1175 00:54:26,450 --> 00:54:25,110 doing is being able to probe what's the 1176 00:54:29,210 --> 00:54:26,460 first of all there's a planet there 1177 00:54:31,460 --> 00:54:29,220 second of all what's what is in that 1178 00:54:34,090 --> 00:54:31,470 plan that's atmosphere as it as it goes 1179 00:54:40,790 --> 00:54:34,100 in and out because we can also do this 1180 00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:40,800 spectroscopically okay next we have I 1181 00:54:44,770 --> 00:54:42,810 mentioned this earlier choreography so 1182 00:54:49,730 --> 00:54:44,780 one of the cool things the web can do is 1183 00:54:52,940 --> 00:54:49,740 to look at directly image planets around 1184 00:54:56,120 --> 00:54:52,950 other stars not just look at the dip 1185 00:54:59,570 --> 00:54:56,130 look for the dip in light so to give you 1186 00:55:03,079 --> 00:54:59,580 a comparison point this is what earth 1187 00:55:07,219 --> 00:55:03,089 looks like compared to the Sun so it's 1188 00:55:08,839 --> 00:55:07,229 a teeny tiny and if you know you can 1189 00:55:10,519 --> 00:55:08,849 imagine if it was if it was out here it 1190 00:55:12,859 --> 00:55:10,529 would it would be very very dim it's 1191 00:55:15,469 --> 00:55:12,869 like you know a little Firefly next to a 1192 00:55:18,469 --> 00:55:15,479 bright street lamp very difficult to see 1193 00:55:20,180 --> 00:55:18,479 unless you hold up your hand and block 1194 00:55:21,920 --> 00:55:20,190 out that street lamp and then all of a 1195 00:55:24,739 --> 00:55:21,930 sudden you can see oh there's like five 1196 00:55:28,190 --> 00:55:24,749 fireflies right there so that's kind of 1197 00:55:30,769 --> 00:55:28,200 what's what's going on here we can find 1198 00:55:32,539 --> 00:55:30,779 exoplanets you see where they are here 1199 00:55:34,459 --> 00:55:32,549 but you can't see them right so hold up 1200 00:55:38,209 --> 00:55:34,469 your hand block out the light of that 1201 00:55:43,940 --> 00:55:38,219 star and all of a sudden they are 1202 00:55:46,219 --> 00:55:43,950 revealed we get these these exoplanets 1203 00:55:49,640 --> 00:55:46,229 here which which we've seen this is a 1204 00:55:52,339 --> 00:55:49,650 from the Keck telescope but which also 1205 00:55:53,719 --> 00:55:52,349 has a coronagraph but when will will 1206 00:55:55,880 --> 00:55:53,729 have a coronagraph and be able to do 1207 00:55:57,559 --> 00:55:55,890 this type of measurement too so we're 1208 00:55:59,299 --> 00:55:57,569 we're hitting it from all angles with 1209 00:56:01,579 --> 00:55:59,309 web we're really gonna it's going to be 1210 00:56:04,880 --> 00:56:01,589 a workhorse for characterizing 1211 00:56:06,979 --> 00:56:04,890 exoplanets so far many of the space 1212 00:56:08,299 --> 00:56:06,989 telescopes we've had and even even some 1213 00:56:11,569 --> 00:56:08,309 ground-based ones are all about 1214 00:56:14,180 --> 00:56:11,579 detecting exoplanets we're there we know 1215 00:56:18,829 --> 00:56:14,190 exoplanets exist there's a lot of them 1216 00:56:21,890 --> 00:56:18,839 they're very exciting we we now know 1217 00:56:26,410 --> 00:56:21,900 that on average in our galaxy every 1218 00:56:29,829 --> 00:56:26,420 every star has one planet that's 1219 00:56:32,539 --> 00:56:29,839 incredibly exciting that's amazing but 1220 00:56:34,519 --> 00:56:32,549 we've also seen that there's a lot of 1221 00:56:37,039 --> 00:56:34,529 types of planets that could be out there 1222 00:56:39,140 --> 00:56:37,049 and Webb's job will be to characterize 1223 00:56:41,120 --> 00:56:39,150 those and figure out exactly what's 1224 00:56:44,329 --> 00:56:41,130 going on with these different systems 1225 00:56:47,630 --> 00:56:44,339 and to bring it back home ultimately 1226 00:56:50,569 --> 00:56:47,640 help us figure out is our system weird 1227 00:56:52,579 --> 00:56:50,579 are we typical what's going on with 1228 00:56:55,130 --> 00:56:52,589 earth what's going on with our solar 1229 00:56:58,430 --> 00:56:55,140 system okay 1230 00:57:00,229 --> 00:56:58,440 I mentioned characterizing awesome and 1231 00:57:01,999 --> 00:57:00,239 are we weird one of the things that 1232 00:57:06,140 --> 00:57:02,009 probably leads us to think we're kind of 1233 00:57:12,469 --> 00:57:06,150 weird some people call it special is we 1234 00:57:16,320 --> 00:57:12,479 have life on Earth and while Webb is not 1235 00:57:19,170 --> 00:57:16,330 a life finder its mission is not to 1236 00:57:23,130 --> 00:57:19,180 find alien life anywhere one of the 1237 00:57:26,420 --> 00:57:23,140 things it can do with spectroscopy is to 1238 00:57:30,840 --> 00:57:26,430 study these atmospheres and look for 1239 00:57:32,820 --> 00:57:30,850 various molecules that are abundant in 1240 00:57:34,530 --> 00:57:32,830 those atmospheres and this tells us 1241 00:57:38,850 --> 00:57:34,540 about what's going on there so for 1242 00:57:40,260 --> 00:57:38,860 example if it finds carbon dioxide that 1243 00:57:42,510 --> 00:57:40,270 could mean that you know things are 1244 00:57:44,670 --> 00:57:42,520 breathing the way that we breathe or it 1245 00:57:50,250 --> 00:57:44,680 could mean that there is volcanic 1246 00:57:53,570 --> 00:57:50,260 activity on on that planet if if there's 1247 00:57:56,040 --> 00:57:53,580 methane there could be some sort of 1248 00:57:57,540 --> 00:57:56,050 natural geologic process causing that 1249 00:58:00,450 --> 00:57:57,550 methane but there could also be the 1250 00:58:05,010 --> 00:58:00,460 presence of anaerobic bacteria which Oh 1251 00:58:07,380 --> 00:58:05,020 exciting and of course water vapor might 1252 00:58:09,270 --> 00:58:07,390 indicate some sort of liquid water on 1253 00:58:12,090 --> 00:58:09,280 the surface which then would indicate 1254 00:58:13,770 --> 00:58:12,100 habitability of course none of these 1255 00:58:15,660 --> 00:58:13,780 things guarantee that there's life on 1256 00:58:18,390 --> 00:58:15,670 these place on these planets but it's 1257 00:58:20,070 --> 00:58:18,400 all about building the case right we're 1258 00:58:21,810 --> 00:58:20,080 still in a fact-finding mission that's 1259 00:58:23,940 --> 00:58:21,820 what science is so we're trying to just 1260 00:58:29,150 --> 00:58:23,950 find find what we can put the pieces 1261 00:58:32,220 --> 00:58:29,160 together pieces of the puzzle okay and 1262 00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:32,230 with that as we're putting the pieces of 1263 00:58:52,710 --> 00:58:33,610 the puzzle together I'll turn it over to 1264 00:59:00,940 --> 00:58:56,200 okay okay so the final piece of the 1265 00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:00,950 puzzle web s class explained was built 1266 00:59:05,109 --> 00:59:03,710 on Hubble's legacy and as bonnie has 1267 00:59:06,849 --> 00:59:05,119 told you about the science of the 1268 00:59:08,740 --> 00:59:06,859 mission it's going to be incredible and 1269 00:59:12,250 --> 00:59:08,750 really leave its own legacy and just 1270 00:59:13,720 --> 00:59:12,260 like Hubble found galaxies in this area 1271 00:59:16,210 --> 00:59:13,730 of the sky that looked like nothing and 1272 00:59:18,430 --> 00:59:16,220 just like Hubble found exoplanet 1273 00:59:21,970 --> 00:59:18,440 atmospheres Webb will find things that 1274 00:59:24,130 --> 00:59:21,980 we can't even anticipate and this is 1275 00:59:25,270 --> 00:59:24,140 really mind-boggling but how do we get 1276 00:59:28,120 --> 00:59:25,280 there 1277 00:59:29,319 --> 00:59:28,130 so as Klaus mentioned this has been more 1278 00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:29,329 than 20 years in the making 1279 00:59:36,099 --> 00:59:34,010 so before here today and it's launching 1280 00:59:38,829 --> 00:59:36,109 in about a year and a half that is only 1281 00:59:40,569 --> 00:59:38,839 you know 10% less than 10% of the 1282 00:59:43,240 --> 00:59:40,579 timeline that people have been working 1283 00:59:45,390 --> 00:59:43,250 on this mission here's a few of the 1284 00:59:48,790 --> 00:59:45,400 highlights of that timeline pulled out 1285 00:59:51,370 --> 00:59:48,800 that image that beautiful napkin drawing 1286 00:59:54,160 --> 00:59:51,380 that Klaus showed you before is right 1287 00:59:56,620 --> 00:59:54,170 around here in 95 so again over 20 years 1288 01:00:01,510 --> 00:59:56,630 ago people who are born in 97 are now 1289 01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:01,520 allowed to buy alcohol oh my god so this 1290 01:00:04,960 --> 01:00:03,710 is really we're all really feeling this 1291 01:00:10,210 --> 01:00:04,970 I remember when I was an undergraduate 1292 01:00:13,960 --> 01:00:10,220 and web was gonna launch in 2013 so now 1293 01:00:15,550 --> 01:00:13,970 it's gonna launch in 2019 and so here in 1294 01:00:17,140 --> 01:00:15,560 2002 it actually got named the James 1295 01:00:18,910 --> 01:00:17,150 Webb Space Telescope before that it was 1296 01:00:22,030 --> 01:00:18,920 approved as the next generation space 1297 01:00:23,920 --> 01:00:22,040 telescope and since then we've been 1298 01:00:25,569 --> 01:00:23,930 doing construction we have the 1299 01:00:28,720 --> 01:00:25,579 complicated instruments we have that 1300 01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:28,730 giant folding primary mirror we have a 1301 01:00:34,089 --> 01:00:31,910 Sun shield that is you know layers with 1302 01:00:38,050 --> 01:00:34,099 thickness and smaller than a plastic bag 1303 01:00:42,069 --> 01:00:38,060 and all of these things have been built 1304 01:00:43,270 --> 01:00:42,079 tested tested again tested again the Sun 1305 01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:43,280 shield I heard was folded and unfolded 1306 01:00:48,370 --> 01:00:46,010 five times to make sure that you know 1307 01:00:50,079 --> 01:00:48,380 despite being very very thin so that it 1308 01:00:53,319 --> 01:00:50,089 was less weight it's still very strong 1309 01:00:56,710 --> 01:00:53,329 and can be unfolded in space safely and 1310 01:00:58,089 --> 01:00:56,720 as of only a few days ago there was a 1311 01:01:00,940 --> 01:00:58,099 press release out of Johnson Space 1312 01:01:02,530 --> 01:01:00,950 Flight Center that said that testing on 1313 01:01:04,059 --> 01:01:02,540 the optical telescope instrument which 1314 01:01:04,990 --> 01:01:04,069 is our beautiful primary mirror you see 1315 01:01:07,150 --> 01:01:05,000 and 1316 01:01:08,430 --> 01:01:07,160 instrument module so all the instruments 1317 01:01:11,020 --> 01:01:08,440 on the back of the primary mirror 1318 01:01:15,160 --> 01:01:11,030 everything's good to go it is now being 1319 01:01:16,359 --> 01:01:15,170 shipped to California so this is the 1320 01:01:17,740 --> 01:01:16,369 time line of people who have been 1321 01:01:20,859 --> 01:01:17,750 working for over 20 years on this 1322 01:01:23,109 --> 01:01:20,869 telescope well why the real mission here 1323 01:01:24,609 --> 01:01:23,119 despite all of this engineering feats is 1324 01:01:25,990 --> 01:01:24,619 the science that's coming out of it and 1325 01:01:27,280 --> 01:01:26,000 they're from people who've been thinking 1326 01:01:30,510 --> 01:01:27,290 about the science for more than twenty 1327 01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:30,520 years the science portion the science 1328 01:01:35,020 --> 01:01:33,410 observations that will be taken over the 1329 01:01:36,820 --> 01:01:35,030 course of Webb's lifetime fall into 1330 01:01:38,530 --> 01:01:36,830 three different categories the first 1331 01:01:41,740 --> 01:01:38,540 category is called guaranteed time 1332 01:01:43,780 --> 01:01:41,750 observations I'll explain what each of 1333 01:01:45,970 --> 01:01:43,790 these mean in just a second 1334 01:01:48,370 --> 01:01:45,980 the second category and this is so here 1335 01:01:49,930 --> 01:01:48,380 into time observations these have begun 1336 01:01:50,920 --> 01:01:49,940 people these are people who've been 1337 01:01:53,620 --> 01:01:50,930 working on the mission since the 1338 01:01:54,609 --> 01:01:53,630 beginning they get this time then 1339 01:01:57,430 --> 01:01:54,619 there's early really science 1340 01:01:59,770 --> 01:01:57,440 observations which the call for that and 1341 01:02:01,930 --> 01:01:59,780 the release of those observations was 1342 01:02:02,920 --> 01:02:01,940 just made in November or the release of 1343 01:02:04,390 --> 01:02:02,930 the observations the call was made 1344 01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:04,400 earlier but the release of what those 1345 01:02:07,030 --> 01:02:05,510 targets are just made in November 1346 01:02:08,859 --> 01:02:07,040 everything's available online if you'd 1347 01:02:11,050 --> 01:02:08,869 like to know what the telescope will be 1348 01:02:12,520 --> 01:02:11,060 looking at as and all of these will be 1349 01:02:15,550 --> 01:02:12,530 taken in the very beginning of the 1350 01:02:17,349 --> 01:02:15,560 telescopes mission lifetime and made 1351 01:02:18,609 --> 01:02:17,359 available to the community so that 1352 01:02:21,339 --> 01:02:18,619 people can know what the telescope can 1353 01:02:22,839 --> 01:02:21,349 do immediately and then finally what we 1354 01:02:24,880 --> 01:02:22,849 have what we call geo or general 1355 01:02:26,349 --> 01:02:24,890 observation time general observers time 1356 01:02:28,750 --> 01:02:26,359 and this is open to anyone in the entire 1357 01:02:29,920 --> 01:02:28,760 world it's not just space telescopes not 1358 01:02:32,530 --> 01:02:29,930 just the u.s. it's not just people 1359 01:02:34,329 --> 01:02:32,540 affiliated with NASA or ISA or CSA any 1360 01:02:35,890 --> 01:02:34,339 of the space agencies it's anyone anyone 1361 01:02:38,650 --> 01:02:35,900 in the world can propose for time on 1362 01:02:41,859 --> 01:02:38,660 this but Space Telescope and that is the 1363 01:02:44,829 --> 01:02:41,869 same for Hubble although all of these 1364 01:02:46,329 --> 01:02:44,839 things are vetted so you can try but you 1365 01:02:47,290 --> 01:02:46,339 might want to might not want to spend 1366 01:02:48,849 --> 01:02:47,300 your time because there's a lot of 1367 01:02:51,820 --> 01:02:48,859 really qualified scientists who are 1368 01:02:54,430 --> 01:02:51,830 gonna be going after this time and and 1369 01:02:56,859 --> 01:02:54,440 do some great science with it so as I 1370 01:02:58,930 --> 01:02:56,869 mentioned here we are today will launch 1371 01:03:00,460 --> 01:02:58,940 about six months later we'll actually 1372 01:03:01,990 --> 01:03:00,470 start to get data out because it takes a 1373 01:03:02,440 --> 01:03:02,000 while to get out a million miles into 1374 01:03:04,120 --> 01:03:02,450 space 1375 01:03:05,770 --> 01:03:04,130 it takes a while to open up this big 1376 01:03:07,780 --> 01:03:05,780 beautiful telescope it takes a while to 1377 01:03:09,160 --> 01:03:07,790 cool down the instruments because they 1378 01:03:10,630 --> 01:03:09,170 started here on earth and they get out 1379 01:03:15,820 --> 01:03:10,640 from space in there some of them are 1380 01:03:16,870 --> 01:03:15,830 operating at seven degrees so all that 1381 01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:16,880 takes a while it's going to be many 1382 01:03:19,099 --> 01:03:17,910 months between 1383 01:03:20,839 --> 01:03:19,109 launch the telescope and when it's ready 1384 01:03:22,760 --> 01:03:20,849 to give a science but when it does that 1385 01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:22,770 it's going to give us these three 1386 01:03:26,120 --> 01:03:23,910 different types of science and I 1387 01:03:28,460 --> 01:03:26,130 apologize if the colors aren't super 1388 01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:28,470 clear here but this is green purple and 1389 01:03:31,609 --> 01:03:30,510 pink and again the green observation is 1390 01:03:33,170 --> 01:03:31,619 the early-release science will be the 1391 01:03:34,720 --> 01:03:33,180 first observations taken that I'll be 1392 01:03:37,220 --> 01:03:34,730 taking in the first few months and 1393 01:03:38,870 --> 01:03:37,230 immediately made available and this is 1394 01:03:41,059 --> 01:03:38,880 kind of a unique thing but it's really 1395 01:03:43,490 --> 01:03:41,069 great it means people law scientists put 1396 01:03:44,660 --> 01:03:43,500 a lot of work to take observations then 1397 01:03:47,270 --> 01:03:44,670 then are immediately available to 1398 01:03:49,549 --> 01:03:47,280 everyone to look at and say what can 1399 01:03:51,859 --> 01:03:49,559 Webb do how can I do it what's its 1400 01:03:54,079 --> 01:03:51,869 capabilities how do we use it best going 1401 01:03:55,670 --> 01:03:54,089 forward and then you have these 1402 01:03:57,470 --> 01:03:55,680 guaranteed time observations that all be 1403 01:03:58,849 --> 01:03:57,480 taken in the first few years and then 1404 01:04:01,069 --> 01:03:58,859 the general observer time the time 1405 01:04:02,690 --> 01:04:01,079 that's open to the entire world over the 1406 01:04:05,120 --> 01:04:02,700 entire astronomical community is really 1407 01:04:06,289 --> 01:04:05,130 who will be using it goes on for the 1408 01:04:08,870 --> 01:04:06,299 lifetime of the mission which is 1409 01:04:13,460 --> 01:04:08,880 guaranteed five years hopefully up to 1410 01:04:15,319 --> 01:04:13,470 ten years so about those programs a 1411 01:04:16,760 --> 01:04:15,329 little more again there's people who've 1412 01:04:19,160 --> 01:04:16,770 been working on this for over twenty 1413 01:04:20,720 --> 01:04:19,170 years and they get some time 1414 01:04:22,130 --> 01:04:20,730 automatically on the telescope because 1415 01:04:23,599 --> 01:04:22,140 they put and they put in the grace work 1416 01:04:24,650 --> 01:04:23,609 they put in the legwork so those are 1417 01:04:28,099 --> 01:04:24,660 called guaranteed to have observations 1418 01:04:30,079 --> 01:04:28,109 and that's going to be a chunk of the 1419 01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:30,089 first couple of years of observations a 1420 01:04:33,680 --> 01:04:32,010 very small portion was a very 1421 01:04:36,680 --> 01:04:33,690 competitive selection for what we call 1422 01:04:38,420 --> 01:04:36,690 early release science and these people 1423 01:04:40,069 --> 01:04:38,430 get to look at objects in the sky that 1424 01:04:42,589 --> 01:04:40,079 they want to look at but they don't get 1425 01:04:44,240 --> 01:04:42,599 to keep the data which is which is we 1426 01:04:45,920 --> 01:04:44,250 call proprietary you normally you get to 1427 01:04:47,390 --> 01:04:45,930 keep the data just for you to work on 1428 01:04:49,339 --> 01:04:47,400 for a little bit these people said no 1429 01:04:51,589 --> 01:04:49,349 I'm gonna propose I'm gonna find things 1430 01:04:52,279 --> 01:04:51,599 out in the sky and I'm gonna share it 1431 01:04:54,710 --> 01:04:52,289 with everyone 1432 01:04:56,900 --> 01:04:54,720 immediately so that everyone knows what 1433 01:04:58,370 --> 01:04:56,910 the telescope can do and so you're gonna 1434 01:05:02,170 --> 01:04:58,380 see a lot of stuff coming out of these 1435 01:05:06,470 --> 01:05:02,180 you know is sort of soon after telescope 1436 01:05:08,569 --> 01:05:06,480 launches and and comes comes alive and 1437 01:05:11,150 --> 01:05:08,579 then finally we have the general 1438 01:05:13,190 --> 01:05:11,160 observer pool now the topics are all the 1439 01:05:15,410 --> 01:05:13,200 topics the body covered you know from 1440 01:05:18,859 --> 01:05:15,420 solar system exoplanets protoplanetary 1441 01:05:23,150 --> 01:05:18,869 discs assembly of galaxies first light 1442 01:05:26,690 --> 01:05:23,160 the first galaxies you know lensing 1443 01:05:27,740 --> 01:05:26,700 gravitational lensing of objects things 1444 01:05:30,980 --> 01:05:27,750 in our solar system 1445 01:05:31,269 --> 01:05:30,990 asteroids direct imaging of exoplanets 1446 01:05:33,519 --> 01:05:31,279 with 1447 01:05:35,649 --> 01:05:33,529 pornography transmissions are trust me 1448 01:05:37,120 --> 01:05:35,659 of exoplanets all of that is covered in 1449 01:05:39,459 --> 01:05:37,130 all three it's going to be covered in 1450 01:05:41,019 --> 01:05:39,469 all three of these programs so well we 1451 01:05:42,069 --> 01:05:41,029 do just there is a distinction and a 1452 01:05:44,979 --> 01:05:42,079 reason that we have all of these 1453 01:05:46,599 --> 01:05:44,989 different things really you're gonna see 1454 01:05:48,309 --> 01:05:46,609 all of this great science coming out and 1455 01:05:50,169 --> 01:05:48,319 it's gonna cover the gamut and you're 1456 01:05:51,849 --> 01:05:50,179 not really gonna know but this is really 1457 01:05:53,769 --> 01:05:51,859 this is really there's a lot of people 1458 01:05:55,329 --> 01:05:53,779 have been working really hard on this on 1459 01:06:00,819 --> 01:05:55,339 behalf of the community on behalf of 1460 01:06:02,709 --> 01:06:00,829 this giant space telescope so from from 1461 01:06:04,419 --> 01:06:02,719 this and looking at the science well 1462 01:06:06,819 --> 01:06:04,429 where are we now we're here today and 1463 01:06:10,959 --> 01:06:06,829 let's give you a little bit just what to 1464 01:06:13,390 --> 01:06:10,969 look forward to in the next two years so 1465 01:06:16,689 --> 01:06:13,400 right now we are here while we were here 1466 01:06:18,370 --> 01:06:16,699 we were just past here Paul out in 2017 1467 01:06:20,499 --> 01:06:18,380 we finished our instrument a mirror 1468 01:06:21,699 --> 01:06:20,509 testing at Johnson Space Center that 1469 01:06:24,849 --> 01:06:21,709 went really well this is a beautiful 1470 01:06:26,679 --> 01:06:24,859 picture that was actually shared and 1471 01:06:28,919 --> 01:06:26,689 believe it was the Atlantic magazine 1472 01:06:32,049 --> 01:06:28,929 there's a few people who shared this as 1473 01:06:33,699 --> 01:06:32,059 one of the hopeful images of the year 1474 01:06:35,140 --> 01:06:33,709 like they put together thirty-five 1475 01:06:37,329 --> 01:06:35,150 hopeful images and this was one of them 1476 01:06:40,179 --> 01:06:37,339 because this is what our society can do 1477 01:06:43,870 --> 01:06:40,189 and where it's going really tackling 1478 01:06:47,679 --> 01:06:43,880 these these feats so this is this was 1479 01:06:49,659 --> 01:06:47,689 after it came out of chamber a next it's 1480 01:06:52,209 --> 01:06:49,669 going to Northrop Grumman space park out 1481 01:06:54,339 --> 01:06:52,219 in Redondo Beach California Northrop 1482 01:06:56,589 --> 01:06:54,349 Grumman will take this giant Sun shield 1483 01:06:58,359 --> 01:06:56,599 put it with the telescope element AB 1484 01:07:00,669 --> 01:06:58,369 this what we call the spacecraft bust 1485 01:07:01,989 --> 01:07:00,679 put everything together and if you 1486 01:07:05,620 --> 01:07:01,999 happen to be out and on to beach 1487 01:07:06,069 --> 01:07:05,630 sometime early summer late summer early 1488 01:07:08,169 --> 01:07:06,079 fall 1489 01:07:09,989 --> 01:07:08,179 you can go maybe see this thing all 1490 01:07:15,640 --> 01:07:09,999 fully assembled and it'll allow you 1491 01:07:20,130 --> 01:07:15,650 because it's very amazing next fall next 1492 01:07:22,569 --> 01:07:20,140 phone something next fall next fall Oh 1493 01:07:24,549 --> 01:07:22,579 next fall will they complete the 1494 01:07:26,199 --> 01:07:24,559 integration of spacecraft and the 1495 01:07:27,339 --> 01:07:26,209 instruments and the optical telescope 1496 01:07:29,589 --> 01:07:27,349 and the Sun shield this giant thing 1497 01:07:33,009 --> 01:07:29,599 they'll pack it up and they will send it 1498 01:07:35,939 --> 01:07:33,019 on its way to French Guiana that is 1499 01:07:39,609 --> 01:07:35,949 launching this giant rocket the Ariane 5 1500 01:07:43,659 --> 01:07:39,619 next spring between what would you say 1501 01:07:44,680 --> 01:07:43,669 spring and then it will be operated out 1502 01:07:46,779 --> 01:07:44,690 of this building 1503 01:07:50,319 --> 01:07:46,789 the mission operations Control Center is 1504 01:07:52,120 --> 01:07:50,329 just up there and that is what it looks 1505 01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:52,130 like you probably can't go up there but 1506 01:07:56,160 --> 01:07:54,410 it is that's what it looks like so you 1507 01:07:58,390 --> 01:07:56,170 know missing much now you've seen it 1508 01:08:02,950 --> 01:07:58,400 it's a bunch of computers because that's 1509 01:08:05,049 --> 01:08:02,960 what we do nowadays so after it gets 1510 01:08:08,589 --> 01:08:05,059 launched from here it'll go out into 1511 01:08:11,890 --> 01:08:08,599 space it'll take about 24 to 29 days to 1512 01:08:13,450 --> 01:08:11,900 get out to what I think one of you 1513 01:08:13,930 --> 01:08:13,460 referred to as LTV it cost referred to 1514 01:08:15,940 --> 01:08:13,940 as l2 1515 01:08:17,439 --> 01:08:15,950 this lagrangian point it's basically 1516 01:08:18,939 --> 01:08:17,449 just a place where it can hang out and 1517 01:08:19,479 --> 01:08:18,949 we don't have to keep pumping it and to 1518 01:08:22,150 --> 01:08:19,489 be there 1519 01:08:24,820 --> 01:08:22,160 it'll just happily drift in space and 1520 01:08:27,280 --> 01:08:24,830 follow along with the earth at this l2 1521 01:08:29,769 --> 01:08:27,290 point in the meantime the Sun shield 1522 01:08:31,329 --> 01:08:29,779 opens up the telescope opens up if you 1523 01:08:32,349 --> 01:08:31,339 haven't seen the deployment we think 1524 01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:32,359 some of you have seen it so we're not 1525 01:08:34,959 --> 01:08:33,710 sure we're not showing that deployment 1526 01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:34,969 sequence today but if you haven't seen 1527 01:08:37,780 --> 01:08:37,310 it every time I watch it it blows my 1528 01:08:39,579 --> 01:08:37,790 mind 1529 01:08:41,169 --> 01:08:39,589 you are unfolding something the size of 1530 01:08:44,169 --> 01:08:41,179 a tennis court outlet space by itself 1531 01:08:46,419 --> 01:08:44,179 it's really mind-boggling and it takes 1532 01:08:48,070 --> 01:08:46,429 days to do that and we're checking all 1533 01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:48,080 the instruments it'll take a month to 1534 01:08:51,220 --> 01:08:49,310 get out here but then it'll take another 1535 01:08:52,390 --> 01:08:51,230 five months to cool down check 1536 01:08:54,220 --> 01:08:52,400 everything out all of those newer 1537 01:08:56,079 --> 01:08:54,230 segments have to be aligned there's also 1538 01:08:59,919 --> 01:08:56,089 a really cool animation online of all of 1539 01:09:00,970 --> 01:08:59,929 this mirror segments going to make sure 1540 01:09:03,249 --> 01:09:00,980 that they're all looking at the same 1541 01:09:04,630 --> 01:09:03,259 thing at the same time that was Hubble's 1542 01:09:06,669 --> 01:09:04,640 problem is that it wasn't properly 1543 01:09:07,660 --> 01:09:06,679 polished so we took care of that by 1544 01:09:09,939 --> 01:09:07,670 having lots of different mirrors that we 1545 01:09:13,740 --> 01:09:09,949 can move around but you got a you gotta 1546 01:09:20,650 --> 01:09:18,370 and then and then we find ourselves post 1547 01:09:22,090 --> 01:09:20,660 post what we call launch and 1548 01:09:25,570 --> 01:09:22,100 commissioning where we check out the 1549 01:09:28,329 --> 01:09:25,580 telescope about 170 180 days after 1550 01:09:30,160 --> 01:09:28,339 launch we are at the most important part 1551 01:09:33,999 --> 01:09:30,170 which is where we get all of that good 1552 01:09:36,939 --> 01:09:34,009 science and this will be the legacy of 1553 01:09:39,039 --> 01:09:36,949 web just like Hubble has has had a 1554 01:09:41,769 --> 01:09:39,049 legacy and continues on and we look 1555 01:09:43,829 --> 01:09:41,779 forward to the next generation of space 1556 01:09:45,729 --> 01:09:43,839 telescopes after web but in the meantime 1557 01:09:47,709 --> 01:09:45,739 we're going to show you a really cool 1558 01:09:52,209 --> 01:09:47,719 video of all of this getting put 1559 01:09:54,610 --> 01:09:52,219 together and this is this is footage 1560 01:09:58,120 --> 01:09:54,620 from I think from Ball Aerospace from 1561 01:10:01,570 --> 01:09:58,130 Goddard Space Flight Center from Houston 1562 01:10:03,790 --> 01:10:01,580 and also from northrup-grumman so this 1563 01:10:06,070 --> 01:10:03,800 is a really poor lapse that all of us 1564 01:10:09,339 --> 01:10:06,080 find really awesome so we figured you 1565 01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:09,349 would to it runs like two or three 1566 01:10:22,270 --> 01:10:20,810 minutes so I guess we should talk 1567 01:10:23,589 --> 01:10:22,280 through it just a little bit okay we can 1568 01:10:27,550 --> 01:10:23,599 just tell you what's going on so that's 1569 01:10:30,160 --> 01:10:27,560 the the spacecraft element so so what is 1570 01:10:32,080 --> 01:10:30,170 gonna thrust out into space now I'm not 1571 01:10:36,220 --> 01:10:32,090 an engineer but we're gonna go through 1572 01:10:37,930 --> 01:10:36,230 this so this is in probably Northrop 1573 01:10:40,839 --> 01:10:37,940 Grumman is cleanroom because they did 1574 01:10:42,070 --> 01:10:40,849 the spacecraft so then they're gonna 1575 01:10:43,780 --> 01:10:42,080 shove it in a box for a little bit and 1576 01:10:48,879 --> 01:10:43,790 do some testing on it and that comes 1577 01:10:53,229 --> 01:10:48,889 back out and you could just see how many 1578 01:10:56,830 --> 01:10:53,239 people are working on this thing so now 1579 01:10:58,600 --> 01:10:56,840 as you can see there's a they're 1580 01:11:00,310 --> 01:10:58,610 starting to attach the pallets that have 1581 01:11:01,930 --> 01:11:00,320 the sun shield on them again this is all 1582 01:11:03,850 --> 01:11:01,940 at Northrop Grumman and so there's these 1583 01:11:05,649 --> 01:11:03,860 giant things again think of this the 1584 01:11:07,990 --> 01:11:05,659 size of a tennis court this whole thing 1585 01:11:10,959 --> 01:11:08,000 and so they're laying down and there's 1586 01:11:13,320 --> 01:11:10,969 this special material that very very 1587 01:11:15,790 --> 01:11:13,330 very thin but very durable and 1588 01:11:17,589 --> 01:11:15,800 reflective to get rid of all of that 1589 01:11:19,060 --> 01:11:17,599 heat from the Sun from the earth from 1590 01:11:20,620 --> 01:11:19,070 the moon that we don't want because we 1591 01:11:23,439 --> 01:11:20,630 only want heat from objects out in the 1592 01:11:26,620 --> 01:11:23,449 space so this is the frame of the sun 1593 01:11:29,919 --> 01:11:26,630 shield it's a nice cool kite because i 1594 01:11:31,180 --> 01:11:29,929 don't put a giant kite in space and then 1595 01:11:36,270 --> 01:11:31,190 you can see they're adding the layers of 1596 01:11:39,040 --> 01:11:36,280 the sun shield and spreading them out 1597 01:11:54,859 --> 01:11:39,050 really really thin really slow this is a 1598 01:11:59,390 --> 01:11:57,020 and they can see they're lifting up all 1599 01:12:01,820 --> 01:11:59,400 the layers layers do have spacers in 1600 01:12:03,550 --> 01:12:01,830 between so they shouldn't catch on each 1601 01:12:07,220 --> 01:12:03,560 other as the whole thing is deploying 1602 01:12:08,839 --> 01:12:07,230 all of this has been thought of multiple 1603 01:12:11,450 --> 01:12:08,849 times in multiple ways and tested 1604 01:12:12,890 --> 01:12:11,460 multiple times as you can see now 1605 01:12:17,270 --> 01:12:12,900 they're folding up the palettes of the 1606 01:12:19,129 --> 01:12:17,280 sunshield for the for the the the way 1607 01:12:23,359 --> 01:12:19,139 that it's gonna be packed for when it 1608 01:12:25,160 --> 01:12:23,369 goes into space they're the the actual 1609 01:12:27,709 --> 01:12:25,170 mirror will be in the center here with 1610 01:12:30,530 --> 01:12:27,719 the instrument module but right now 1611 01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:30,540 they're just testing the Sun field and 1612 01:12:37,939 --> 01:12:33,510 everything in a faker that's the 1613 01:13:07,470 --> 01:12:37,949 official term for it so this just 1614 01:13:25,320 --> 01:13:10,530 this is not gonna work in space on its 1615 01:13:28,710 --> 01:13:25,330 own oh you wish so now they're showing 1616 01:13:29,280 --> 01:13:28,720 how the center part to deploy the 1617 01:13:30,960 --> 01:13:29,290 sunshield 1618 01:13:32,310 --> 01:13:30,970 everything's folded up it's fold it's 1619 01:13:34,440 --> 01:13:32,320 folded up in these pallets and then 1620 01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:34,450 stacked up so they have to unfold the 1621 01:13:39,450 --> 01:13:36,910 pallets pull out into the kite shape and 1622 01:13:40,710 --> 01:13:39,460 then pull up the center part and all of 1623 01:13:42,330 --> 01:13:40,720 the layers so that there's these five 1624 01:13:44,630 --> 01:13:42,340 layers and that they sit separate from 1625 01:13:47,400 --> 01:13:44,640 each other so that they don't conduct 1626 01:13:49,380 --> 01:13:47,410 but instead just each one of them 1627 01:13:51,210 --> 01:13:49,390 provides a blocking and then here 1628 01:13:52,860 --> 01:13:51,220 they're tightening the sun shield to 1629 01:13:54,990 --> 01:13:52,870 make sure that it'll stay in that 1630 01:13:57,570 --> 01:13:55,000 configuration and it doesn't break and 1631 01:13:59,280 --> 01:13:57,580 it doesn't and you and actually you can 1632 01:14:00,600 --> 01:13:59,290 see you can see some well you could see 1633 01:14:01,920 --> 01:14:00,610 some of the structure on the Sun shield 1634 01:14:05,580 --> 01:14:01,930 there you could see that it wasn't a 1635 01:14:07,290 --> 01:14:05,590 flat piece there was some like so what 1636 01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:07,300 looked like crosshairs or some some 1637 01:14:10,920 --> 01:14:09,310 plaid stuff those are called RIP stops 1638 01:14:12,479 --> 01:14:10,930 and it's actually designed so that if 1639 01:14:14,790 --> 01:14:12,489 there was like a tiny micro meteorite 1640 01:14:16,320 --> 01:14:14,800 that flew through it it would just break 1641 01:14:21,180 --> 01:14:16,330 one small part of it it wouldn't rip the 1642 01:14:28,880 --> 01:14:21,190 whole thing so it's I mean the thoughts 1643 01:14:47,740 --> 01:14:35,150 [Applause] 1644 01:14:53,980 --> 01:14:47,750 I know if we can handle this audience 1645 01:15:06,080 --> 01:15:04,580 questions right there so they're the 1646 01:15:07,580 --> 01:15:06,090 question I have to repeat the question 1647 01:15:12,950 --> 01:15:07,590 for the webcam that's my main purpose 1648 01:15:16,160 --> 01:15:12,960 here so so what is the launch site is it 1649 01:15:19,990 --> 01:15:16,170 Peru or is it yeah it's it's Guiana it's 1650 01:15:21,830 --> 01:15:20,000 kuru is is the area in French Guiana 1651 01:15:23,810 --> 01:15:21,840 that yeah sorry 1652 01:15:27,820 --> 01:15:23,820 so it sounds like Peru sometimes this is 1653 01:15:50,090 --> 01:15:27,830 kuru it's a European spaceport cool yeah 1654 01:15:51,440 --> 01:15:50,100 okay all the way in the back okay okay 1655 01:15:56,380 --> 01:15:51,450 well she finds it let's take another 1656 01:16:03,830 --> 01:15:59,240 what is the probability that a star has 1657 01:16:09,890 --> 01:16:03,840 a planet around it in our galaxy we it's 1658 01:16:16,070 --> 01:16:09,900 it's it's it's on average one planet per 1659 01:16:20,270 --> 01:16:16,080 star at least one right so you're gonna 1660 01:16:21,710 --> 01:16:20,280 say yeah I I'm I've never heard it said 1661 01:16:30,290 --> 01:16:21,720 is what's the probability a star has a 1662 01:16:33,020 --> 01:16:30,300 planet but so yeah basically everything 1663 01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:33,030 has a star everything has a planet so at 1664 01:16:38,450 --> 01:16:36,510 least one okay so it for everything you 1665 01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:38,460 see up in the night sky you're looking 1666 01:16:42,230 --> 01:16:40,410 at planet as well as the star all right 1667 01:16:43,960 --> 01:16:42,240 have you got the slide okay is this is 1668 01:16:46,660 --> 01:16:43,970 this the one you were talking about 1669 01:17:10,930 --> 01:16:46,670 first form equipped like the one with 1670 01:17:12,880 --> 01:17:10,940 the zoomit that one okay how about you 1671 01:17:27,970 --> 01:17:12,890 ask your question and we'll find the 1672 01:17:29,920 --> 01:17:27,980 right thing so so what is that that 1673 01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:29,930 interesting thing in the upper left it's 1674 01:17:38,740 --> 01:17:35,210 a good question that that is is almost 1675 01:17:40,360 --> 01:17:38,750 certainly a reflection of the optical 1676 01:17:42,070 --> 01:17:40,370 element of the telescope so you can 1677 01:17:47,890 --> 01:17:42,080 actually you can see the primary mirror 1678 01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:47,900 and and some of the the rods that the 1679 01:17:51,820 --> 01:17:49,610 secondary mirror is hanging on so if you 1680 01:17:53,320 --> 01:17:51,830 have something very bright and you feel 1681 01:17:56,370 --> 01:17:53,330 it's just a camera reflection it's the 1682 01:17:58,300 --> 01:17:56,380 same if you if you take a picture of 1683 01:18:02,980 --> 01:17:58,310 something bright like the Sun with a 1684 01:18:04,390 --> 01:18:02,990 regular reflex camera you sometimes you 1685 01:18:07,060 --> 01:18:04,400 get out you get a reflection somewhere 1686 01:18:14,610 --> 01:18:07,070 the system and you'll get a little image 1687 01:18:22,510 --> 01:18:16,900 so what's the rate of the data transfer 1688 01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:22,520 from l/2 to earth what how fast is the 1689 01:18:38,270 --> 01:18:34,140 if I can remember the exact number the 1690 01:18:41,250 --> 01:18:38,280 the data recorder is is a few tens of 1691 01:18:44,520 --> 01:18:41,260 gigabytes and it gets domed once a day 1692 01:18:50,820 --> 01:18:44,530 or so so the data rate is pretty fast 1693 01:19:00,240 --> 01:18:50,830 but it's not super fast all right 1694 01:19:02,640 --> 01:19:00,250 question down here alright so what 1695 01:19:04,860 --> 01:19:02,650 percentage your efficiency do you get 1696 01:19:07,740 --> 01:19:04,870 for observing versus say calibrations 1697 01:19:10,950 --> 01:19:07,750 and other testing and such Wow some some 1698 01:19:12,990 --> 01:19:10,960 good questions here so that really it 1699 01:19:17,880 --> 01:19:13,000 really depends on what what you're 1700 01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:17,890 observing right so on on the for example 1701 01:19:22,620 --> 01:19:21,010 in the science cases of of looking for 1702 01:19:24,060 --> 01:19:22,630 faint galaxies at the edge of the 1703 01:19:25,530 --> 01:19:24,070 universe where you're gonna park a 1704 01:19:28,590 --> 01:19:25,540 telescope in a space and just make 1705 01:19:33,540 --> 01:19:28,600 really long integrations efficiency is 1706 01:19:34,920 --> 01:19:33,550 about 70% of course they'll be it's a 1707 01:19:36,390 --> 01:19:34,930 very sensitive telescopes there'll be 1708 01:19:37,770 --> 01:19:36,400 lots of science done with much brighter 1709 01:19:40,550 --> 01:19:37,780 targets where you don't spend as much 1710 01:19:43,940 --> 01:19:40,560 time and then it'll be worse than that 1711 01:19:47,160 --> 01:19:43,950 okay so we got a question from online 1712 01:19:49,830 --> 01:19:47,170 what is going is the coolant going to be 1713 01:19:52,170 --> 01:19:49,840 a significance constraint on JT or C 1714 01:19:53,430 --> 01:19:52,180 observing and since I know the answer 1715 01:19:55,470 --> 01:19:53,440 the question I'll ask the follow-up 1716 01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:55,480 question if it's not the coolant what 1717 01:20:00,900 --> 01:19:57,010 might be the constraint on the lifetime 1718 01:20:02,490 --> 01:20:00,910 of the telescope right so there's no 1719 01:20:06,180 --> 01:20:02,500 there's no coolant that's a consumable 1720 01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:06,190 at the telescope there's a there's a 1721 01:20:10,950 --> 01:20:09,610 there's one cooler for for Miri that's 1722 01:20:12,180 --> 01:20:10,960 an active cooler but it's a closed cycle 1723 01:20:16,380 --> 01:20:12,190 cooler so it works like a refrigerator 1724 01:20:18,060 --> 01:20:16,390 it's a pump that compresses I guess and 1725 01:20:19,680 --> 01:20:18,070 so there's nothing lost so that's not a 1726 01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:19,690 consumable consume main consumable is 1727 01:20:25,820 --> 01:20:24,010 propellant so the l2 orbit is not a 1728 01:20:27,930 --> 01:20:25,830 stable orbit so you have to use 1729 01:20:33,780 --> 01:20:27,940 essentially rocket fuels to keep it in 1730 01:20:36,420 --> 01:20:33,790 place you also have to use fuel to well 1731 01:20:39,180 --> 01:20:36,430 so so basically the because you have 1732 01:20:39,780 --> 01:20:39,190 that big Sun shield it actually gets 1733 01:20:41,670 --> 01:20:39,790 pushed 1734 01:20:45,780 --> 01:20:41,680 by the solar wind and so the particles 1735 01:20:47,070 --> 01:20:45,790 from the Sun and so that if you didn't 1736 01:20:48,750 --> 01:20:47,080 do anything with the telescope it would 1737 01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:48,760 actually start to rotate and eventually 1738 01:20:53,160 --> 01:20:51,610 tumble and so you don't want that so you 1739 01:20:55,040 --> 01:20:53,170 have a reaction wheel on it that spins 1740 01:20:57,540 --> 01:20:55,050 up to counteract that rotation 1741 01:20:59,280 --> 01:20:57,550 eventually that reaches its limit and 1742 01:21:02,010 --> 01:20:59,290 you have to make a burn to spin that 1743 01:21:05,460 --> 01:21:02,020 wheel down again and so that also uses 1744 01:21:08,610 --> 01:21:05,470 propellant so so the ultimate consumer 1745 01:21:10,410 --> 01:21:08,620 Bowl is rocket fuel so the question you 1746 01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:10,420 know with that is that is then that they 1747 01:21:15,870 --> 01:21:12,910 ask is so what what do we expect is a 1748 01:21:18,810 --> 01:21:15,880 lifetime for jato st how many years how 1749 01:21:21,030 --> 01:21:18,820 many decades how about that we were 1750 01:21:23,280 --> 01:21:21,040 issued counted in decades the 1751 01:21:24,690 --> 01:21:23,290 requirement is five years ah but it's 1752 01:21:26,930 --> 01:21:24,700 not gonna be launched with less 1753 01:21:30,210 --> 01:21:26,940 propellant than for at least 10 years 1754 01:21:32,790 --> 01:21:30,220 and so that means that it can live for 1755 01:21:34,740 --> 01:21:32,800 10 years even maybe a bit more but it's 1756 01:21:36,300 --> 01:21:34,750 possible that something you know parts 1757 01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:36,310 of some instruments might break between 1758 01:21:41,490 --> 01:21:38,010 the 5 and the 10 year mark 1759 01:21:49,550 --> 01:21:41,500 hopefully not okay in the middle of the 1760 01:21:55,530 --> 01:21:51,840 so what is the resolution of James Webb 1761 01:21:59,280 --> 01:21:55,540 compared to Hubble alright so so you can 1762 01:21:59,760 --> 01:21:59,290 you can you can calculate that fairly 1763 01:22:04,380 --> 01:21:59,770 easily 1764 01:22:06,570 --> 01:22:04,390 um so the Hubble has a two point for me 1765 01:22:08,820 --> 01:22:06,580 to telescope and data beasty has a six 1766 01:22:11,730 --> 01:22:08,830 and a half metre telescope and so the 1767 01:22:13,710 --> 01:22:11,740 raloo the resolution scales linearly 1768 01:22:19,250 --> 01:22:13,720 with that it also scales with wavelength 1769 01:22:22,410 --> 01:22:19,260 so let's say you the mirror of Webb is 1770 01:22:24,630 --> 01:22:22,420 about two and a half times the size of 1771 01:22:25,860 --> 01:22:24,640 Hubble and so the same wavelength the 1772 01:22:27,090 --> 01:22:25,870 resolution will be two-and-a-half times 1773 01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:27,100 better but you're not at the same 1774 01:22:32,940 --> 01:22:29,610 wavelength unit about you know two to 1775 01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:32,950 five to ten times longer wavelength and 1776 01:22:36,720 --> 01:22:35,110 so then you scale scale back down again 1777 01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:36,730 so this is the that's a complicated 1778 01:22:46,620 --> 01:22:38,410 answer the the simple answer is it'll be 1779 01:22:49,070 --> 01:22:46,630 about the same resolution this would 1780 01:22:52,020 --> 01:22:49,080 they look the same then 1781 01:22:53,549 --> 01:22:52,030 it would have the same similar sharpness 1782 01:22:55,979 --> 01:22:53,559 but it will look quite different because 1783 01:22:59,279 --> 01:22:55,989 you'd be looking at and say dust instead 1784 01:23:00,809 --> 01:22:59,289 of stars but but as he said at the same 1785 01:23:03,359 --> 01:23:00,819 wavelength it'll be two knife times 1786 01:23:04,829 --> 01:23:03,369 sharper okay it a couple times sharper 1787 01:23:06,149 --> 01:23:04,839 it's just if you're looking at the 1788 01:23:07,259 --> 01:23:06,159 longer wavelengths it'll be about the 1789 01:23:15,540 --> 01:23:07,269 same okay 1790 01:23:16,979 --> 01:23:15,550 so in front here right yeah this 1791 01:23:18,869 --> 01:23:16,989 question came up on the chat as well 1792 01:23:20,879 --> 01:23:18,879 they're worried that web would be 1793 01:23:24,089 --> 01:23:20,889 restricted because it has to point away 1794 01:23:25,199 --> 01:23:24,099 from the Sun in what it can observe yeah 1795 01:23:27,449 --> 01:23:25,209 they said that's an excellent question 1796 01:23:32,000 --> 01:23:27,459 as well aw it's a bit a bit of geometry 1797 01:23:34,979 --> 01:23:32,010 there so it orbits web orbits the Sun 1798 01:23:36,299 --> 01:23:34,989 along with the earth and so the answer 1799 01:23:39,270 --> 01:23:36,309 is actually that it can observe every 1800 01:23:41,759 --> 01:23:39,280 place in the sky but because the Sun 1801 01:23:43,859 --> 01:23:41,769 shield will point to the earth the 1802 01:23:47,009 --> 01:23:43,869 telescope will point you know either up 1803 01:23:48,629 --> 01:23:47,019 or down all the way around like a circle 1804 01:23:50,189 --> 01:23:48,639 like that so you imagine you'll have a 1805 01:23:52,529 --> 01:23:50,199 circle on the sky that looks like that 1806 01:23:55,020 --> 01:23:52,539 over the course of a year that circle 1807 01:23:57,299 --> 01:23:55,030 will move all the way around and scan 1808 01:23:59,909 --> 01:23:57,309 the entire sky so if you have an object 1809 01:24:00,989 --> 01:23:59,919 that is very close to the clip let's say 1810 01:24:02,339 --> 01:24:00,999 the Sun and the earth if you have a 1811 01:24:05,219 --> 01:24:02,349 target it's very close to the ecliptic 1812 01:24:06,659 --> 01:24:05,229 pole you can observe it all the time if 1813 01:24:08,459 --> 01:24:06,669 you have a target that it's pointed 1814 01:24:24,779 --> 01:24:08,469 directly away from the Sun earth plane 1815 01:24:26,309 --> 01:24:24,789 you can observe it twice a year so if 1816 01:24:27,809 --> 01:24:26,319 you want to do a really long observing 1817 01:24:30,750 --> 01:24:27,819 time do you have other special points in 1818 01:24:31,859 --> 01:24:30,760 the sky you have to be pointed at yes it 1819 01:24:35,009 --> 01:24:31,869 has to be has to be a very long 1820 01:24:38,009 --> 01:24:35,019 observing time so so any any given point 1821 01:24:41,669 --> 01:24:38,019 will have a couple of weeks of potential 1822 01:24:44,099 --> 01:24:41,679 time and if you really want a cool way 1823 01:24:46,469 --> 01:24:44,109 to visualize this stay tuned to those 1824 01:24:48,929 --> 01:24:46,479 social media accounts that Frank shared 1825 01:24:50,040 --> 01:24:48,939 earlier in about a month maybe a month 1826 01:24:51,839 --> 01:24:50,050 and a half they'll be a really cool 1827 01:24:53,879 --> 01:24:51,849 animation to show you exactly what web 1828 01:25:00,040 --> 01:24:53,889 can see in the sky and explain that 1829 01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:08,860 okay other questions over there so how 1830 01:25:15,940 --> 01:25:10,910 long will Hubble operate and will Jade 1831 01:25:20,740 --> 01:25:15,950 OST and Hubble overlap I'll take this 1832 01:25:24,190 --> 01:25:20,750 okay so Hubble is doing really well 1833 01:25:26,050 --> 01:25:24,200 April is Hubble's 28th birthday and so 1834 01:25:28,530 --> 01:25:26,060 we are expecting good things it's in 1835 01:25:31,780 --> 01:25:28,540 good health it looks good 1836 01:25:35,350 --> 01:25:31,790 so yes we anticipate that Hubble and 1837 01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:35,360 Webb will observe simultaneously and one 1838 01:25:38,140 --> 01:25:36,710 of the cool things you can do with this 1839 01:25:40,660 --> 01:25:38,150 I'm putting in a plug for my own thing 1840 01:25:41,380 --> 01:25:40,670 here is because they're about a million 1841 01:25:45,340 --> 01:25:41,390 miles apart 1842 01:25:48,310 --> 01:25:45,350 think about your two eyes and what what 1843 01:25:52,480 --> 01:25:48,320 does having two eyes by you yeah 1844 01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:52,490 depth perception so one of the cool 1845 01:25:57,220 --> 01:25:55,010 things we might be able to do with Webb 1846 01:26:01,330 --> 01:25:57,230 and Hubble at the same time is look at 1847 01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:01,340 objects and be able to get some some 1848 01:26:04,870 --> 01:26:03,110 depth perception there especially things 1849 01:26:06,790 --> 01:26:04,880 close to us so solar system objects 1850 01:26:09,190 --> 01:26:06,800 things like that I'm a planetary person 1851 01:26:10,990 --> 01:26:09,200 so I'm really into this idea okay that's 1852 01:26:14,020 --> 01:26:11,000 that's why I kick Klaus out of the way I 1853 01:26:15,730 --> 01:26:14,030 want to answer that one but my 1854 01:26:16,750 --> 01:26:15,740 understanding is it won't be good much 1855 01:26:19,450 --> 01:26:16,760 beyond Jupiter 1856 01:26:22,330 --> 01:26:19,460 maybe asteroid belt would be a yeah yeah 1857 01:26:24,910 --> 01:26:22,340 yeah we have cool things like the active 1858 01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:24,920 asteroids that are shooting out Jets and 1859 01:26:29,230 --> 01:26:27,410 you know some you know three-dimensional 1860 01:26:32,490 --> 01:26:29,240 information on that you can just some 1861 01:26:34,690 --> 01:26:32,500 great stereo views of rocks 1862 01:26:38,040 --> 01:26:34,700 it'll be like going to Mars again 1863 01:26:40,870 --> 01:26:38,050 [Laughter] 1864 01:26:48,010 --> 01:26:40,880 alright sorry we're just having fun 1865 01:26:50,530 --> 01:26:48,020 question here another question that came 1866 01:26:52,780 --> 01:26:50,540 up in our chat online are there research 1867 01:26:55,480 --> 01:26:52,790 proposals that have been submitted 1868 01:26:59,080 --> 01:26:55,490 and/or approved we know what Webb is 1869 01:27:00,940 --> 01:26:59,090 gonna look at first we know some of the 1870 01:27:02,890 --> 01:27:00,950 things that Webb will look at first so 1871 01:27:04,540 --> 01:27:02,900 these are what Alex was talking about so 1872 01:27:09,310 --> 01:27:04,550 I'm gonna let her keep answering that 1873 01:27:13,330 --> 01:27:09,320 question okay I will just pull up the 1874 01:27:15,220 --> 01:27:13,340 slides because you know I do extra work 1875 01:27:18,549 --> 01:27:15,230 the answer is yes we have these 1876 01:27:21,010 --> 01:27:18,559 proposals and so two of the three types 1877 01:27:22,569 --> 01:27:21,020 that I mentioned this is fun 1878 01:27:26,589 --> 01:27:22,579 two of the three types that I mentioned 1879 01:27:28,689 --> 01:27:26,599 the programs and the ers programs the 1880 01:27:30,370 --> 01:27:28,699 guaranteed time observations which is 1881 01:27:31,990 --> 01:27:30,380 that time that we give to those people 1882 01:27:34,990 --> 01:27:32,000 who've worked on this for five ten 1883 01:27:37,450 --> 01:27:35,000 twenty years this purple graph here of 1884 01:27:39,939 --> 01:27:37,460 people working they get time they get a 1885 01:27:44,709 --> 01:27:39,949 couple of thousand hours in the first 1886 01:27:46,779 --> 01:27:44,719 couple of years and then this directors 1887 01:27:47,859 --> 01:27:46,789 discretionary early release science was 1888 01:27:50,830 --> 01:27:47,869 picked by the director of the Space 1889 01:27:52,419 --> 01:27:50,840 Telescope Institute as science cases to 1890 01:27:54,250 --> 01:27:52,429 demonstrate the capabilities of the 1891 01:27:56,529 --> 01:27:54,260 telescope and will be released 1892 01:27:58,510 --> 01:27:56,539 immediately and taken in the first 1893 01:28:00,459 --> 01:27:58,520 couple of months after launch these 1894 01:28:02,890 --> 01:28:00,469 programs are already decided they're 1895 01:28:07,720 --> 01:28:02,900 available online there's 13 programs 1896 01:28:09,339 --> 01:28:07,730 under the ers and there's well if you 1897 01:28:12,490 --> 01:28:09,349 break them down into programs a couple 1898 01:28:15,879 --> 01:28:12,500 of dozen programs for GTOs under a few 1899 01:28:17,080 --> 01:28:15,889 key people the the key people who were 1900 01:28:19,240 --> 01:28:17,090 part of the program from the beginning 1901 01:28:20,890 --> 01:28:19,250 they got time and they said this is what 1902 01:28:23,979 --> 01:28:20,900 I want to spend my time on you can 1903 01:28:25,959 --> 01:28:23,989 review all of this it's online if you 1904 01:28:27,850 --> 01:28:25,969 want that link come after it so we can 1905 01:28:30,040 --> 01:28:27,860 get it to you it's long but all of this 1906 01:28:34,810 --> 01:28:30,050 information is available online if you 1907 01:28:36,549 --> 01:28:34,820 just google JWST early release science 1908 01:28:39,520 --> 01:28:36,559 you'll get an article that explains all 1909 01:28:42,490 --> 01:28:39,530 of the things and again this covers 1910 01:28:43,810 --> 01:28:42,500 solar system objects all of the for 1911 01:28:46,810 --> 01:28:43,820 science themes that Bonnie talked about 1912 01:28:49,240 --> 01:28:46,820 and we do know these already these will 1913 01:28:52,540 --> 01:28:49,250 be decided in the summer and you'll hear 1914 01:28:55,109 --> 01:28:52,550 about them probably July for the first 1915 01:28:58,000 --> 01:28:55,119 round of general observer observations 1916 01:28:59,080 --> 01:28:58,010 from then on these are already decided 1917 01:29:02,229 --> 01:28:59,090 and they'll be taken at the beginning 1918 01:29:05,620 --> 01:29:02,239 from then on we'll have several calls 1919 01:29:07,479 --> 01:29:05,630 for people to submit ideas and as we get 1920 01:29:09,729 --> 01:29:07,489 back data from web and find out what it 1921 01:29:11,649 --> 01:29:09,739 can do that'll spark ideas for new 1922 01:29:13,390 --> 01:29:11,659 proposals and so for the lifetime of the 1923 01:29:14,770 --> 01:29:13,400 mission we'll keep asking the 1924 01:29:16,240 --> 01:29:14,780 astronomical community for what they 1925 01:29:18,069 --> 01:29:16,250 want to do with the telescope and it 1926 01:29:19,240 --> 01:29:18,079 will keep getting answers but thus far 1927 01:29:21,430 --> 01:29:19,250 the programs that have already been 1928 01:29:24,399 --> 01:29:21,440 approved fall into these two buckets and 1929 01:29:26,620 --> 01:29:24,409 you can find them online ok we have time 1930 01:29:29,620 --> 01:29:26,630 for one last question if anybody has it 1931 01:29:31,209 --> 01:29:29,630 going once help take it and go what's 1932 01:29:51,610 --> 01:29:31,219 the last question make it good make it 1933 01:29:54,340 --> 01:29:51,620 good cuz it's the last one okay so 1934 01:29:56,970 --> 01:29:54,350 alright so obviously there's tons are 1935 01:29:59,350 --> 01:29:56,980 really cool science we can do with web 1936 01:30:02,379 --> 01:29:59,360 what's the plans for the telescopes 1937 01:30:04,990 --> 01:30:02,389 beyond web that will replace Hubble and 1938 01:30:12,810 --> 01:30:05,000 Webb in the 2030s who wants to answer 1939 01:30:16,290 --> 01:30:12,820 that question well okay so so there's 1940 01:30:18,610 --> 01:30:16,300 yeah I don't I don't hurt myself here so 1941 01:30:21,310 --> 01:30:18,620 there there's there's the wide-field 1942 01:30:23,229 --> 01:30:21,320 infrared telescope which is under 1943 01:30:27,189 --> 01:30:23,239 construction at the moment which is a 1944 01:30:30,580 --> 01:30:27,199 near infrared telescope that has Hubble 1945 01:30:33,340 --> 01:30:30,590 sized but it has a hundred times the 1946 01:30:34,959 --> 01:30:33,350 field of view so make Hubble like 1947 01:30:36,430 --> 01:30:34,969 pictures but it'll be a hundred times 1948 01:30:37,959 --> 01:30:36,440 bigger 1949 01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:37,969 just watch the survey telescope so 1950 01:30:41,680 --> 01:30:39,110 that's approved and that's under 1951 01:30:45,129 --> 01:30:41,690 construction beyond that for the 2030s 1952 01:30:48,189 --> 01:30:45,139 there's a process ongoing that happens 1953 01:30:50,229 --> 01:30:48,199 every decade in the United States it's 1954 01:30:54,280 --> 01:30:50,239 called a decadal survey and that 1955 01:31:04,439 --> 01:30:54,290 consists of the community historical 1956 01:31:10,750 --> 01:31:07,990 right so the community gets together and 1957 01:31:13,330 --> 01:31:10,760 they they think about what they might 1958 01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:13,340 want to do for the following decade in 1959 01:31:18,820 --> 01:31:16,010 this case for the 2030s today so so so 1960 01:31:21,310 --> 01:31:18,830 datums T was the selection for $2000 1961 01:31:23,590 --> 01:31:21,320 stores the selection for 2010 we need a 1962 01:31:25,390 --> 01:31:23,600 selection for the 2020s one other so 1963 01:31:27,850 --> 01:31:25,400 there's four concepts for new flagship 1964 01:31:30,879 --> 01:31:27,860 telescopes and one of them is an 1965 01:31:33,729 --> 01:31:30,889 infrared telescope ah that goes beyond 1966 01:31:37,229 --> 01:31:33,739 in wavelength even WOD TMT does it 1967 01:31:40,450 --> 01:31:37,239 covers from five micron to 660 micron 1968 01:31:42,570 --> 01:31:40,460 but it'll be between a sow 1969 01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:42,580 10,000 times more sensitive than 1970 01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:45,110 anything has been done before so that's 1971 01:31:48,160 --> 01:31:46,310 that's new frontier it's called the 1972 01:31:49,660 --> 01:31:48,170 origin space telescope and you can 1973 01:31:51,280 --> 01:31:49,670 google that and look it up that's one of 1974 01:31:53,290 --> 01:31:51,290 the one of the concepts now the other 1975 01:31:55,800 --> 01:31:53,300 concepts as well there's a there's also 1976 01:31:59,410 --> 01:31:55,810 a concept it's called leVoir which is 1977 01:32:02,530 --> 01:31:59,420 the next optical telescope which is a 15 1978 01:32:05,020 --> 01:32:02,540 meter telescope that's going to follow 1979 01:32:07,510 --> 01:32:05,030 up on Hubble so that's going to be some 1980 01:32:09,220 --> 01:32:07,520 tough decisions to make for the 1981 01:32:11,620 --> 01:32:09,230 astronomical community of what is the 1982 01:32:12,970 --> 01:32:11,630 best the best way to spend money going 1983 01:32:16,420 --> 01:32:12,980 forward for the 2030s will be 1984 01:32:18,130 --> 01:32:16,430 interesting okay so that's all we have 1985 01:32:19,390 --> 01:32:18,140 time for tonight if you have more 1986 01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:19,400 questions or things you can come down 1987 01:32:24,070 --> 01:32:21,710 the speaker's will be here next month 1988 01:32:27,670 --> 01:32:24,080 February 6 which is only just a couple 1989 01:32:29,229 --> 01:32:27,680 of weeks away the wildest weather in the